标签： Asia

Almost six weeks after a ceasefire halted open conflict between Iran and the United States, Tehran has set clear terms for any return to the negotiating table: five binding preconditions focused on foundational trust-building must be met before a second round of talks can proceed, an informed source told Iran’s semi-official Fars News Agency in a report published Tuesday.

Framed as the absolute minimum guarantees required to restart dialogue with Washington, the five demands address longstanding Iranian grievances over security, economic sovereignty and territorial integrity. They include an immediate end to all hostilities across every regional front, with a specific emphasis on de-escalation in Lebanon; the full lifting of all US sanctions imposed on Iran; the unfreezing of all Iranian overseas assets that have been blocked under US restrictions; financial compensation for war-related damage inflicted on Iranian infrastructure and interests; and formal US recognition of Iran’s full sovereignty rights over the strategically critical Strait of Hormuz.

According to the source, these conditions were formally presented as Iran’s official response to a 14-point draft proposal for conflict resolution put forward by the United States. The response was delivered to Pakistan, the third-party mediator facilitating talks between the two nations, on Sunday. The source added that continued US naval activity in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman, maintained even after the bilateral ceasefire took effect, has deepened Tehran’s long-held skepticism that Washington can be trusted to uphold any negotiated agreement.

Tehran’s stance was echoed publicly by Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei on Monday, who emphasized that Iran’s counter-proposal only aims to secure what he described as the “legitimate” rights of the Iranian people.

The current diplomatic standoff follows a period of open armed conflict that upended regional security earlier this year. Open fighting began on February 28, when joint US-Israeli strikes targeted Tehran and multiple other Iranian cities. After 40 days of sustained hostilities, the two sides agreed to a ceasefire that took effect on April 8. Just days later, on April 11 and 12, Iranian and US delegations held an initial round of negotiations in the Pakistani capital of Islamabad, but the talks ended without any breakthrough agreement. Over the subsequent weeks, both sides have exchanged multiple competing draft proposals through Pakistan’s mediation as the international community continues to push for a permanent end to the conflict.

A towering figure in American neoconservative thought and a decades-long pro-Israel hardliner has delivered a devastating assessment of U.S. policy toward Iran, warning that Washington is on track to suffer an irreversible “total defeat” that will reshape global power dynamics for generations. Robert Kagan, a co-founder of the influential neoconservative think tank Project for the New American Century, laid out his bleak prognosis in a recent essay for *The Atlantic*, arguing that the damage accumulated over years of confrontation with Tehran cannot be undone.

Kagan’s warning carries unique weight because of his central role in shaping modern American interventionist foreign policy. In 1997, he helped launch the Project for the New American Century, a movement that pushed successive U.S. administrations to project American military power across the globe to advance U.S. strategic interests. This ideological framework ultimately culminated in the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, and deeply shaped the foreign policy agenda of President George W. Bush’s administration. Kagan remains deeply embedded in the U.S. foreign policy establishment: his wife, Victoria Nuland, served as a top foreign policy advisor to iconic neoconservative Vice President Dick Cheney. For decades, Kagan has been one of the most vocal advocates of aggressive U.S. global intervention, making his unsparing criticism of current Iran policy all the more striking.

At the core of Kagan’s analysis is a dramatic shift in control over the Strait of Hormuz, the strategic chokepoint through which nearly 20% of the world’s daily oil supplies pass. Kagan argues that Tehran’s growing influence over the strait has fundamentally upended the regional balance of power. “With control of the strait, Iran emerges as the key player in the region and one of the key players in the world,” he wrote. “Defeat for the United States, therefore, is not only possible but likely.”

Beyond shifting regional power, Kagan says the long-running confrontation with Iran has strengthened global rivals of the U.S., including China and Russia, while severely eroding American credibility and standing across the globe. “Far from demonstrating American prowess, as supporters of the war have repeatedly claimed, the conflict has revealed an America that is unreliable and incapable of finishing what it started,” he argued. “That is going to set off a chain reaction around the world as friends and foes adjust to America’s failure.”

Kagan warned that former U.S. President Donald Trump had extremely limited options to reassert American control over the Strait of Hormuz, noting that Washington had effectively exhausted all meaningful leverage over Tehran. He compared the magnitude of the current strategic setback to the darkest moments in modern American military history, including the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the final collapse of the U.S. war effort in Vietnam. Unlike those crises, however, Kagan argued that the U.S. may not be able to rebuild and recover from the consequences of an Iranian defeat this time.

Tehran’s ability to withstand relentless U.S. pressure leaves Washington with almost no viable paths forward that would not trigger catastrophic damage to Gulf state economies and the broader global energy system, Kagan added. “If this isn’t checkmate, it’s close,” he said.

He also stressed that Tehran has no incentive to give up its control over the strait, which serves as one of its most powerful strategic leverage points against the West. “Iran cannot afford to let the strait go, no matter how good a deal it thought it could get. For one thing, how reliable is any deal with Trump?” he asked.

In a separate interview with PBS, Kagan extended his warning to Israel, Washington’s closest regional ally, arguing that the confrontation with Iran could backfire spectacularly for the Jewish state. “This war has the potential of ending in a very disastrous way for Israel precisely because the leverage in the region and the influence in the region is going to shift away from the United States and Israel and toward Iran and its supporters,” he explained.

As U.S. President Donald Trump prepares for a three-day summit with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing starting Wednesday, energy trade cooperation has emerged as a central negotiating priority, with Washington pushing Beijing to commit to restarting routine purchases of American crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

U.S. diplomatic and trade officials have confirmed that a broad energy purchase agreement is currently under active discussion, a negotiation shaped by ongoing conflict in Iran and recent blockades of the Strait of Hormuz, which have forced China to reassess the vulnerability of its critical energy supply lines that rely heavily on Middle Eastern exports.

Two-way energy trade between the two powers has been largely frozen since the escalation of a tit-for-tat tariff war launched by the Trump administration in April 2025, after hitting $8.4 billion in total U.S. energy exports to China in 2024. Breakdown of 2024 trade data shows China imported 193,000 barrels of U.S. crude oil per day that year, totaling roughly $6 billion in value. But all imports of U.S. crude have ceased since May 2025, following the imposition of a 20% import tariff that made American shipments uncompetitive. China has offset this gap by ramping up crude imports from other major producers including Canada and Brazil.

The trajectory of U.S. LNG imports to China has followed a similar downward trajectory amid rising trade tensions. In 2021, China imported 7.04 million tons of U.S. LNG, but that figure dropped to 4.15 million tons by 2024, as Chinese buyers shifted to cheaper, more cost-effective long-term contracts with Russian and Qatari suppliers compared to volatile U.S. spot cargoes. After China imposed a 25% tariff on U.S. LNG in 2025 as part of its retaliatory trade measures, annual imports plummeted to just 26,000 tons for the year.

Not all U.S. energy product exports to China have suffered the same decline, however. Shipments of U.S. ethane and propane, both key feedstocks for plastic manufacturing, have remained largely resilient to bilateral political tensions. As of 2025, the U.S. remained China’s sole supplier of ethane and retained its position as Beijing’s largest source of propane imports.

Washington has employed a mixed carrot-and-stick strategy to pressure China into restarting large-scale energy purchases. On the coercive side, the U.S. Treasury Department imposed sanctions in April on independent Chinese “teapot” refiners and dozens of vessels linked to Iran’s informal oil shipping network, while also threatening to impose secondary sanctions on Chinese financial institutions that facilitate transactions for Iranian crude imports. U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer reiterated this position in a May 6 statement, arguing that purchases of Iranian oil fund Tehran’s activities Washington labels as terrorist, and warned that China’s non-compliance with U.S. sanctions would be a core topic of the bilateral summit.

On the diplomatic side, President Trump has framed expanded energy trade as a mutually beneficial opportunity for both sides. During a May 5 White House media briefing, Trump described President Xi as a “tremendous guy” and emphasized that he maintains a positive working relationship with his Chinese counterpart. “We’ve offered that if he wants to send the ships to the U.S., I made a statement: send your ships to Texas. It’s not that much further. Send your ships to Louisiana. Send your ships to Alaska. Alaska is actually very close to a lot of the Asian countries; people don’t realize it,” Trump said.

Trump added that the U.S. has already finalized large energy supply deals with South Korea and Japan, both of which have faced major supply disruptions following the closure of Hormuz shipping lanes. He also noted that while 60% of China’s total crude oil imports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, President Xi has remained respectful in discussions about the disruptions caused by the Iran war.

Beijing has so far offered no formal public response to Washington’s proposal. When asked directly about Trump’s call for China to shift purchases from Iranian to American crude during a regular Foreign Ministry briefing, spokesperson Lin Jian declined to comment directly and directed inquiries to China’s competent trade authorities.

Among Chinese policy commentators and analysts, opinions on the proposal are deeply divided. One camp argues that the ongoing supply disruptions in the Middle East make a strong case for China to expand its energy supply diversification, including a resumption of U.S. energy imports.

A Hunan-based columnist writing under the pen name Xu Sanlang noted that China halted most U.S. energy imports as a retaliatory measure after Trump’s return to the White House in early 2025, with the last U.S. crude purchase completed in February 2025 and LNG imports ending that December. Citing Chinese customs data, Xu pointed out that U.S. crude made up just 1.8% of China’s total $325 billion in 2024 crude imports, falling to near zero in 2025. However, ship tracking data from analytics firm Kpler shows nearly 600,000 barrels per day of U.S. crude were loaded onto tankers bound for China in April 2026, a shift driven directly by Iran’s closure of the Strait of Hormuz and recent strikes on energy infrastructure across Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar.

“Faced with this situation, the most rational response is to diversify procurement sources,” Xu wrote. “Although the U.S. is China’s trade rival, it does have sufficient energy supplies. China’s purchases of US energy were previously interrupted by a tariff war in 2025, but the situation has since changed. Supply security is more important than anything else.”

Xu added that longstanding U.S. demands for China to expand purchases of American agricultural goods, aircraft and energy could be ignored by Beijing during the height of the 2025 trade war, but current Middle East conflicts and global supply chain volatility have made Washington’s request far more palatable for Chinese leaders. Resuming U.S. energy purchases would both advance China’s own energy security goals and grant Trump a diplomatic win during his Beijing visit, he argued, creating a “kill two birds with one stone” outcome that supports energy security while creating favorable conditions for broader bilateral negotiations.

Critics of the proposal, however, argue that Beijing should not deepen its energy reliance on Washington, pointing to what they frame as the U.S.’s illegal use of coercive power to control oil exports from U.S. adversaries including Iran and Venezuela.

A Henan-based political commentator pointed to Trump’s recent claim that the U.S. is now receiving “hundreds of millions of barrels of oil” from Venezuela for refining in Houston, noting that just four months prior, U.S. military forces raided Caracas and detained former Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and his wife. The commentator added that the U.S. Treasury Department revoked oil major Chevron’s original operating license in Venezuela on March 1, before issuing a new broad license that allows U.S. firms to do business directly with the state-owned Petróleos de Venezuela. “This is not normal international trade. This is naked plunder,” he wrote.

The critic further argued that the U.S. is intentionally tightening pressure on Iran, disrupting Hormuz shipping lanes, and then pushing third countries to buy Venezuelan crude refined on U.S. soil. As global oil prices rise, the Venezuelan crude held under U.S. control grows more valuable, turning the entire arrangement into a form of coercion rather than fair cooperation, he added.

Other critics point to China’s existing stable overland energy supply networks that eliminate the maritime risks of Hormuz disruptions. A Hebei-based commentator noted that China has spent two decades building cross-border pipelines to bring oil and gas from Central Asia, which has operated consistently without disruption. The Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline delivered 4.67 million tons of natural gas to China in January and February 2026, averaging 79,200 tons per day. The pipeline runs from Turkmenistan through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan before entering China at the Xinjiang border, making it an entirely overland route that avoids disputed international waters. In 2025, China imported $8.41 billion worth of natural gas from Turkmenistan, making it China’s second-largest gas supplier after Russia, which supplied $9.41 billion that year. “Together with LNG imports from Australia, Qatar, Russia and other suppliers, China has effectively built a diversified energy network,” the commentator wrote. “No matter how strong a maritime power is, it cannot cut off the steel pipelines running through the heart of Central Asia.”

Some analysts have also suggested that China could increase heavy crude imports from Canada as an alternative to U.S. or U.S.-controlled Venezuelan crude, even with a $10 per barrel price premium over Venezuelan shipments.

As U.S. President Donald Trump prepares to land in Beijing for a high-stakes two-day summit with Chinese President Xi Jinping this Thursday, trade and economic agreements between the world’s two largest economies top the official agenda — but the lingering conflict between the U.S.-led coalition and Iran will hang over every closed-door discussion, shaping the trajectory of bilateral relations amid shifting global power dynamics.

Analysts point out that China’s ongoing military and technical support to Iran amid its war with the U.S. and Israel has delivered tangible strategic benefits, but the regional conflict has also created unforeseen strains on Beijing’s ties with wealthy Gulf Arab states and exposed vulnerabilities in China’s export-driven economic model.

For Beijing, the U.S.’s failed campaign to neutralize Iran has been a quiet strategic win, says Wang Yiwei, an international relations scholar at Renmin University of China. “Iran’s brave response to U.S. attacks taught Trump a lesson,” Wang told Middle East Eye. “Trump cannot blackmail China — let alone Iran — with his so-called ‘art of the deal.’”

Long framed as peer competitors, the U.S. and China remain locked in systemic rivalry spanning cutting-edge artificial intelligence development, access to critical mineral supplies, and competing claims over the Taiwan Strait. Far from remaining a passive bystander, China has played an active role in arming Iran throughout the escalating conflict, multiple media outlets have confirmed.

Middle East Eye was the first outlet to reveal that China supplied advanced air defense systems to Iran after the 2025 June war between Iran and Israel that ended with U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear infrastructure. MEE further reported that Beijing delivered kamikaze drones to Iran on the eve of the 2026 U.S. escalation. The New York Times later corroborated that shipments of Chinese man-portable air defense systems to Iran took place in April, while the Financial Times has confirmed that Iran used sophisticated Chinese satellite intelligence to target U.S. military installations across the Persian Gulf.

A number of geopolitical analysts have drawn a parallel between the U.S.’s stalled campaign against Iran and the 1956 Suez Crisis, framing the conflict as a “Suez moment” that could mark the beginning of the end of long-standing U.S. regional dominance in the Middle East, just as the 1956 conflict accelerated the collapse of British imperial influence in the region.

Despite a sustained U.S. blockade of Iranian ports, former senior U.S. official Amos Hochstein acknowledged earlier this month that Iran will retain permanent control over the strategic Strait of Hormuz, the chokepoint through which 20% of the world’s daily oil shipments pass. To date, the U.S. has failed to seize Iran’s stockpile of enriched uranium or eliminate the country’s large arsenal of ballistic missiles, leaving core U.S. war objectives unmet.

Jake Werner, director of the East Asia program at the U.S.-based Quincy Institute, told MEE that a successful U.S. overthrow of the Iranian government earlier this year would have sparked panic in Beijing. But even amid this strategic windfall, Beijing remains deliberate and cautious. “They see a very powerful country, the U.S., bogged down, and they don’t want to provoke it unnecessarily,” Werner explained.

The Iran war has already delivered tactical gains for China closer to its own backyard: to bolster its military operations in the Middle East, Washington has been forced to temporarily reposition key military assets away from the Indo-Pacific, easing pressure on China’s regional interests. Even so, both Beijing and Washington share overlapping core interests in securing a ceasefire in the region, notes Ahmed Aboudouh, associate fellow at Chatham House and head of the China Studies unit at the Emirates Policy Center.

“China and the U.S. are aligned in opposing Iran having nuclear weapons and seeing the Strait of Hormuz reopened to commercial shipping,” Aboudouh told MEE.

Pakistan, one of China’s closest security and economic partners, has already stepped into a mediating role between Washington and Tehran. Just two days after U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent called on China to take a more active diplomatic role to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi traveled to Beijing to hold talks with China’s top diplomat Wang Yi.

Aboudouh notes the timing of the visit was no coincidence. “The Chinese want to show the Americans they have leverage over Iran. But they genuinely want this war to end,” he said.

Trump has downplayed the prospects of a ceasefire, telling reporters Monday that the proposed truce is on “life support” as he rejected an Iranian peace proposal. A day later, he pushed back on the idea that the U.S. needs Chinese assistance to end the conflict. “I don’t think we need any help with Iran. We’ll win it one way or the other, peacefully or otherwise,” Trump said.

Jesse Marks, CEO of Middle East and Asia-focused consulting firm Rihla Research and Advisory, predicts that Xi will not offer Trump a full exit from the quagmire of the Iran war, but could assist with the technical implementation of a revised nuclear deal. “If there is a clear deal on the table where China can play a role it sees as productive, and where it can deliver without getting entangled deeply, then Beijing is likely to play that role,” Marks said. “China has already explored helping remove the existing enriched uranium from Iran as part of a negotiated deal.”

Beijing has clear domestic and economic motivations to bring the conflict to a swift end. The war has sent shockwaves through Asian economies, which are overwhelmingly dependent on Gulf oil and gas exports. Over the weekend, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi even called on Indian citizens to cut consumption of petrol and diesel and suspend gold purchases to offset market volatility.

Werner notes that the conflict has severely disrupted China’s large-scale investments across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). “U.S. allies in the region – Japan, South Korea and India – are likely to face economic pressure before China does because of the Hormuz closure,” he said. “Beijing likes to see those countries’ bilateral ties to the U.S. weakened, but they aren’t happy about the economic damage because they are deeply integrated into those economies. China’s entire growth model is rooted in global trade and exports.”

Before the outbreak of full-scale war, China absorbed roughly 90% of Iran’s oil exports, a relationship that has drawn intense scrutiny from U.S. officials. Earlier this month, Beijing ordered its domestic firms to refuse to comply with U.S. sanctions targeting five major oil refiners that process Iranian crude.

Even so, China’s economic stakes in Iran pale in comparison to its billions in investments across the oil-rich Gulf. In 2025, Saudi Arabia ranked as the third-largest recipient of Chinese construction contracts under China’s signature Belt and Road Initiative, totaling roughly $20 billion in activity. China is also the fourth-largest source of foreign direct investment for the United Arab Emirates, with Chinese firms pouring billions into Abu Dhabi’s Khalifa Industrial Zone. State-owned Chinese shipping giant Cosco has even made Abu Dhabi’s Khalifa Port its regional hub for the entire Middle East.

“China has poured billions of dollars into the GCC, a lot more money than it has invested in Iran,” Werner said. “Those investments are not looking so great now. The war has upended China’s investments in the Gulf.”

Aboudouh adds that Beijing’s top regional priority is preventing GCC states from being drawn directly into the conflict, a key point of divergence with the U.S., which has actively lobbied Gulf nations to join the anti-Iran coalition. China hopes to build on the 2021 China-brokered normalization deal between Iran and Saudi Arabia, which Aboudouh says Beijing views as a replicable model for broader regional peace once hostilities end. “They see that as a model that can be replicated at a larger scale when the missiles and drones stop flying,” he said.

Forty days into the ongoing US-Israeli military campaign against Iran, which has seen Tehran retaliate by striking and disabling US-aligned infrastructure across the Middle East, United States Ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee has issued an ultimatum to Arab Gulf states: align openly with Israel and the US, or side with Iran amid the escalating regional standoff.

In an interview with Israeli broadcaster Hila Korach on Tuesday, Huckabee argued that recent military developments have clarified the choice facing Gulf leadership. “The Gulf states now understood they will have to make a choice. Is it more likely they will be attacked by Iran or Israel?” he told Korach. He went on to frame the split in clear terms for regional governments, adding: “They see that Israel helped us and Iran attacked us. Israel is not trying to take over your land and is not sending missiles to you.”

A longtime avowed Zionist and Baptist minister, Huckabee expressed confidence that the current crisis will push more Arab nations to follow the path of the UAE and normalize relations with Israel under the Trump administration’s Abraham Accords framework. His prediction comes even as widespread public outrage has exploded across the Arab world over Israel’s military campaign in Gaza, and growing dissatisfaction with the close US-Israel alliance has spread among the American public.

During the conversation held in Tel Aviv, Huckabee also made history as the first senior official to publicly confirm that Israel has deployed Iron Dome air defense batteries to the UAE, along with Israeli military personnel to operate the systems. The deployment comes as the UAE has faced some of the heaviest Iranian attacks of the entire conflict. Axios first reported the Iron Dome deployment last month, and The Financial Times later added that Israel had also deployed its advanced Iron Beam laser defense system to the Gulf state to counter Iranian drones and ballistic missiles. “How come? Because there’s an extraordinary relationship between the UAE and Israel based on the Abraham Accords,” Huckabee said of the security assistance.

UAE infrastructure has borne the brunt of Iranian retaliation: Emirati authorities confirm Iran has launched roughly 550 ballistic and cruise missiles, plus more than 2,200 drones, at targets across the country. While the vast majority of these projectiles have been intercepted, the sustained attacks have undermined the UAE’s reputation as a stable luxury tourism and global financial hub. The assaults have also caused lasting tangible damage to critical energy infrastructure: the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company announced Tuesday that the country’s primary natural gas processing plant, Habshan, will not return to full operational capacity until 2027, after being targeted twice by Iranian strikes. The facility currently operates at just 60% of its normal output.

The broader regional alignment has remained fractured throughout the conflict. While Gulf states publicly opposed the launch of the US-led war on Iran, most have stood with Washington after hostilities began, as the US remains their primary international security partner. Saudi Arabia has supported the campaign by granting the US expanded access to military bases, overflight rights, and logistical support, even as it has backed parallel mediation efforts led by its close ally Pakistan to de-escalate tensions.

The UAE, by contrast, has adopted one of the most hawkish positions against Iran among Gulf nations. Abu Dhabi has lobbied both publicly and behind closed doors for the US to continue its air campaign against Iran, and has worked to block Pakistani-mediated talks between Washington and Tehran that could end the conflict.

New reporting from The Wall Street Journal this week added a new layer to the UAE’s involvement: the outlet reported that the UAE launched its own unilateral strike on Iran’s Lavan Island in the Persian Gulf in early April, around the same time the Trump administration announced a temporary ceasefire after five weeks of sustained US air operations. The UAE has not officially acknowledged the strike to date. According to the report, the attack sparked a large blaze at the key energy facility on the island and took most of its operational capacity offline for months, representing a major escalation just as the US moved to pause offensive operations. Iran labeled the incident an “enemy attack” and responded with a massive wave of missile and drone strikes targeting both the UAE and neighboring Kuwait.

This report was originally produced by Middle East Eye, an outlet that provides independent, in-depth coverage of the Middle East, North Africa, and surrounding regions.