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On Tuesday, millions of Muslim worshippers from across the globe gathered on Saudi Arabia’s Mount Arafat to mark the sacred climax of the annual hajj pilgrimage, turning the rocky desert hill near Mecca into a sea of faith as they fulfilled one of Islam’s most fundamental obligations, even as regional conflict and record-breaking heat created unprecedented challenges for organizers and pilgrims alike.

This year’s gathering drew more than 1.5 million total participants, a figure that reflects strong international turnout despite ongoing armed conflict in the Middle East sparked by recent US-Israeli strikes on Iran. In response to those attacks, Tehran launched retaliatory drone and ballistic missile strikes targeting key infrastructure and energy facilities across the Gulf region, including sites within Saudi Arabia, creating widespread uncertainty that impacted travel plans for many Iranian pilgrims. Official data shows just over 30,000 Iranians have completed the journey this year, equal to roughly one-third of the 86,000 pilgrims the country originally expected to send. Iran’s state-run IRNA news agency confirmed that the reduced numbers are a direct result of the ongoing wartime situation. Even amid this regional unrest, Saudi officials noted over the weekend that overall international participation this year still exceeds the total recorded in 2024.

From the first break of dawn, worshippers clad in the traditional seamless white ihram garments gathered on the 70-meter hill, which holds profound religious significance: it is the site where the Prophet Muhammad is believed to have delivered his final farewell sermon more than 1,400 years ago, outlining the core principles of the Islamic faith. Pilgrims recited verses from the Quran and offered personal prayers, enduring searing desert temperatures that reached as high as 44 degrees Celsius in Mecca over recent days. For many, the moment marked the fulfillment of a lifelong spiritual goal.

“It is an indescribable feeling,” shared Ahmed Abu al-Ezz, a 35-year-old Egyptian engineer making his first hajj journey as he approached the hill. “This is something I have dreamed of my entire life, and to be here now is beyond words.”

To support the massive crowd of pilgrims traveling to the site, volunteer teams distributed free bottled water, portable parasols, and pre-prepared food packages, while security and medical support helicopters regularly patrolled the airspace above the gathering to monitor conditions and respond to emergencies.

Hajj is one of the five central pillars of Islam, a religious obligation that every physically and financially able Muslim must complete at least once in their lifetime. This year’s gathering presented unique heat-related challenges, amplified by human-caused climate change, which scientists confirm is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme heatwaves across the globe. Unlike female pilgrims, male worshippers are prohibited from wearing head coverings during hajj rituals, forcing many to rely on portable umbrellas to block the blistering midday sun.

Saudi authorities have implemented sweeping heat safety reforms since the 2024 hajj, when temperatures soaring above 50 degrees Celsius contributed to the deaths of more than 1,300 pilgrims. Upgrades for 2025 include expanded shaded walkways and gathering areas, as well as the deployment of thousands of additional trained medical personnel. The Saudi Ministry of Health confirmed it has mobilized more than 50,000 healthcare workers and 3,000 ambulances across the pilgrimage route to treat heat exhaustion and other medical emergencies.

Following the day of prayer on Mount Arafat, pilgrims will travel to the nearby plain of Muzdalifah to spend the night in open air, collecting small pebbles that will be used for the symbolic “stoning of the devil” ritual in the valley of Mina, which is scheduled to begin on Wednesday. The full sequence of hajj rituals typically takes five days or more to complete, tracing the exact path Prophet Muhammad took during his final pilgrimage in 632 CE.

For the Al Saud royal family, which rules Saudi Arabia and holds the ceremonial title of “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques” (referring to the sacred sites in Mecca and Medina), successful organization of the annual hajj has long been a core source of domestic and international political legitimacy.

An unprecedented early-spring heatwave, driven by a massive African heat dome trapped over Western Europe by a persistent high-pressure system, has smashed all-time May temperature records across the continent, leaving at least seven people dead and forcing emergency restrictions on outdoor work. Temperatures this week have surged far above the seasonal averages normally seen only in the height of summer, confirming what climate scientists have warned for decades: human-caused climate change is turning extreme heat events into the new normal.

On Monday, multiple Western European nations recorded their hottest May days in documented history. The United Kingdom’s Met Office confirmed a new national May high of 34.8°C at London’s Kew Gardens, a full two degrees hotter than the previous record set decades earlier. Across the Irish Sea, two Irish weather stations hit a record 28.8°C, while Scotland saw temperatures climb to 25°C — conditions that sparked a large grass fire near Edinburgh’s iconic Arthur’s Seat, sending plumes of smoke across the capital.

In France, the heat was even more extreme. Meteo-France officially declared Monday the hottest May day since national temperature tracking began, with Paris’s Roland Garros tennis tournament seeing spectators swelter through 33°C conditions. Forecasts called for even higher mercury on Tuesday, with highs forecast to reach 33°C to 36°C across much of the country, and the abnormal heat expected to hold through the end of the week. The extreme warmth has already had deadly consequences: French government spokesperson Maud Bregeon confirmed Tuesday that at least seven deaths have been directly or indirectly tied to the heatwave, five of which were drownings.

The deaths occurred as thousands of heat-fatigued residents flocked to beaches and coastal waters to cool off, despite the fact that most areas do not begin lifeguard patrols until July. For many beachgoers, the unseasonal heat brought unexpected risk. “We were just wondering this morning whether the beach was supervised,” Thomas Dupuy, who was visiting an Anglet beach with his two young non-swimming children, told AFP. “I’m extremely careful for myself, for my children… We know the currents can pull you out, the Atlantic beaches are dangerous.”

The extreme conditions extend far beyond France and the UK. Spain’s State Meteorological Agency (Aemet) warned that extraordinarily high temperatures for this time of year will persist across most of the country all week, with southwestern regions facing widespread tropical nights — when temperatures stay above 20°C — and peak highs of 36°C to 38°C between Wednesday and Friday. Further east, Italy’s Lazio region, which includes the capital Rome, implemented emergency rules banning prolonged outdoor work in direct sunlight between 12:30 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. to protect workers from heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Climate scientists say the record-breaking heatwave is a clear demonstration of human-driven climate change already reshaping Europe’s weather patterns. A recent joint report from the European Copernicus Climate Change Service and the World Meteorological Organization confirms that since the 1980s, Europe has warmed twice as fast as the global average, and heatwaves have become increasingly frequent and severe across more than 95 percent of the continent. Greg Dewhurst, a meteorologist with the UK Met Office, told AFP that the surge in extreme May temperatures is “a good indication of climate change in action” and that such early-season heat events are increasingly likely to become “the new norm.” While the UK is forecast to see temperatures cool later this week, the early arrival of extreme heat has underscored the growing threat of climate-fueled weather extremes across the continent.

An unseasonal, record-shattering heat dome has settled over Western Europe, bringing sweltering temperatures far above average May norms and triggering public health warnings across the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain and Italy this week. The event, which follows decades of climate research linking rising global temperatures to more frequent extreme heat events, has already forced work restrictions, disrupted public activities, and renewed urgent calls for infrastructure adaptation to a warming climate.

Meteorologists trace the extreme heat to a mass of warm air originating from northern Africa that has become trapped under a stable high-pressure system over Western Europe — a weather pattern commonly referred to as a heat dome. This system, which typically brings such extreme heat only in the peak of summer months of July and August, has pushed temperatures 15 to 18 degrees above typical mid-spring averages across most of the affected region.

On Monday, the first full day of the heat surge, multiple countries logged all-time May temperature records. The UK’s Met Office confirmed that a high of 34.8C was recorded at London’s Kew Gardens, smashing the previous national May record by a full 2 degrees Celsius. “This heat would be exceptional in the UK even in mid-summer, let alone May,” the agency said in a post on social media platform X. In Ireland, two weather stations in the southwest and south of the country — Killarney and Clonmel, respectively — tied a new national May record of 28.8C. Meteo-France also confirmed that Monday was the hottest May day recorded in the country since national temperature tracking began.

Local impacts of the unexpected heat have already been severe. In the French capital of Paris, a 10-kilometer running race over the weekend left one participant dead and 10 others hospitalized in critical condition. At the ongoing Roland-Garros tennis open in Paris, spectators fainted and struggled with the sweltering conditions on open courts. A grass fire broke out near Edinburgh’s iconic Arthur’s Seat, sending thick plumes of smoke across the Scottish capital, where temperatures hit an unseasonal 25C. Beaches in southwestern France have filled with heat-seeking visitors weeks earlier than the typical summer tourist season, while farmers across the region reported that crop harvests are progressing far ahead of schedule due to the early heat.

In response to the dangerous conditions, authorities have implemented emergency restrictions. Italy’s Lazio region, which is home to the capital Rome, approved early implementation of seasonal rules banning outdoor work in direct sunlight between 12:30 pm and 4:00 pm, putting the rule in effect more than two weeks earlier than the 2022 start date. The restrictions apply to construction sites, agricultural work, and logistics operations, and will remain in place through mid-September. Spanish meteorological agency Aemet warned that extraordinarily high temperatures would persist across most of the country (excluding the offshore Canary Islands) through the end of the week, with widespread tropical nights — when temperatures remain above 20C overnight — forecast for southwestern Spain starting Wednesday, and peak temperatures between 36C and 38C from Wednesday through Friday. French Prime Minister Sebastien Lecornu has called an emergency meeting with top cabinet ministers Thursday to coordinate the national government’s heatwave response preparations.

Climate scientists and weather experts have repeatedly emphasized that this extreme early heat event is directly tied to human-caused climate change, noting that Europe is warming faster than the global average, making extreme heat events more frequent, more severe, and more likely to occur outside the traditional summer peak. “This is a good indication of climate change in action,” UK Met Office meteorologist Greg Dewhurst told reporters from Agence France-Presse, adding that such out-of-season extreme heat events are likely to become the new normal in coming years.

Last week, leading UK climate advisers issued a stark warning to the national government, noting that much of the country’s core public infrastructure — including schools, hospitals, and transport networks — was designed for a climate that no longer exists, and urged urgent upgrades to adapt to rising average temperatures and more frequent extreme heat events. The UK already made global headlines in 2022 when it recorded its first ever temperature above 40C, a milestone that many climate scientists said was a clear warning sign of accelerating climate change impacts.

For many residents and visitors across Western Europe, the unexpected early heat has been a jarring experience. “The weather here, it’s like a mini version of hell. It’s boiling. It’s like really hot,” 10-year-old visitor Liza Nizki told reporters in London, where average May temperatures typically hover between 17C and 18C. Long-term London resident Lindy Brand-Daloze, a 66-year-old Australian who has lived in the UK for 12 years, framed the extreme heat as a new reality the public must adapt to. “It’s warm, but it’s climate change, isn’t it? So you know, we have probably got to get used to this.” Forecasters with the UK Met Office do expect temperatures to cool off later this week as the heat dome shifts eastward, but experts warn more extreme early heat events can be expected in coming years as global temperatures continue to rise.

Four years into the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, a sharp new escalation of tensions has pushed the long-running conflict back to the center of global attention, with Washington throwing its weight behind renewed efforts to broker a ceasefire. In the wake of Moscow’s explicit threats to launch systematic, large-scale attacks on the Ukrainian capital Kyiv — including explicit warnings for foreign diplomatic staff to evacuate immediately — US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced Tuesday that the United States remains fully prepared to facilitate an end to the war.

The latest cycle of violence began after Russia accused Ukrainian forces of striking a vocational school in the Moscow-occupied Lugansk region, an attack that Moscow claimed killed 21 people. Following the incident, Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered his military to carry out retaliatory strikes, triggering a massive weekend barrage across Ukraine that included dozens of drones, conventional missiles, and the deployment of Russia’s advanced Oreshnik hypersonic missile. According to Russian specifications, the Oreshnik can reach speeds of up to Mach 10 and is designed to carry nuclear warheads. The barrage left four people dead in Kyiv, caused widespread damage to civilian infrastructure, and claimed an additional life in the southern port city of Odesa early Tuesday, regional official Sergii Krasylenko confirmed in a Telegram post.

In a statement released after the strikes, Russia’s Foreign Ministry formalized the new escalation, confirming that Russian armed forces would begin targeting Ukrainian military-industrial sites, decision-making hubs, and military command posts across Kyiv. The ministry explicitly urged all foreign citizens, including diplomatic personnel and staff of international organizations, to leave the capital immediately. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov relayed this warning directly to Rubio during a phone call between the two top diplomats on Monday, though Rubio clarified Tuesday that the evacuation notice was circulated to all foreign embassies in Kyiv, not just the US mission.

Speaking to reporters during an official visit to India, Rubio framed the latest upsurge in violence as a painful reminder of the human cost of the prolonged conflict. “Every time you see these big strikes from one side or the other, it’s a reminder of why this is a terrible war that’s now gone on longer than the Second World War, and it needs to come to an end,” Rubio said. “The US stands ready and prepared to help do whatever we can to help facilitate the end of this war, and hopefully the opportunity will present itself at some point.”

This is not the first time Moscow has issued evacuation warnings for foreign personnel in Kyiv. Earlier this month, Russia issued a similar threat of massive strikes on central Kyiv if Ukraine attempted to disrupt the annual military parade on Moscow’s Red Square. On both occasions, Western diplomatic missions and Ukrainian officials have flatly rejected the warnings, framing them as little more than coercive rhetoric designed to sow panic. “We’re used to Putin’s threats. It is out of the question to evacuate,” a French Foreign Ministry spokesperson said Monday. The European Union’s ambassador to Kyiv echoed that sentiment in a Facebook post, writing simply, “We are not going anywhere.”

Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andriy Sybiga echoed the defiance, urging international partners not to give in to what he called Russian blackmail. Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and the conflict has since become the deadliest armed conflict in Europe since World War II. US-led diplomatic efforts to negotiate a ceasefire have stalled in recent months, largely sidelined by competing international crises including the ongoing conflict in the Middle East.