标签： Asia

On Tuesday, Kazakhstan’s highest judicial body delivered a landmark ruling that paves the way for incumbent President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev to run for a third seven-year term when his current term ends in 2029. The decision hinges on constitutional amendments approved by national referendum in March that entered into legal force earlier this month, which reset presidential term count rules entirely.

Under the revised constitutional framework, Tokayev’s current tenure, which began after he took power in 2019, does not count toward the new two-term limit established by the amendments. This ruling aligns Kazakhstan with a broader trend across several former Soviet states including Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where ruling leaders have modified national constitutions to expand executive authority and extend their time in office.

At 73, Tokayev brings decades of diplomatic and government experience to the role: a former Soviet official and veteran United Nations diplomat, he has governed the oil-rich Central Asian nation, home to 20 million people, since he stepped into the acting presidency in 2019 following the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the autocrat who led Kazakhstan through its post-Soviet independence for nearly 30 years. Widely viewed as Nazarbayev’s handpicked successor, Tokayev has navigated complex geopolitical currents since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, maintaining a carefully calibrated balancing act between Moscow and Western powers amid sweeping sanctions imposed on Russia.

The constitutional overhaul that cleared the way for his potential re-election won overwhelming support in the March referendum, and has significantly consolidated Tokayev’s hold on national power. The package of changes merged Kazakhstan’s previously bicameral parliament into a single chamber, restored the dormant vice presidential post, and granted the president authority to appoint all top government officials subject only to parliamentary approval. It also established a new legislative advisory body, the People’s Council, whose members are all appointed directly by the president and granted the power to initiate new legislation and call referendums.

Tokayev has defended the constitutional amendments as a necessary adjustment for a rapidly shifting global landscape, arguing the changes will enable faster, more decisive policy-making to address evolving challenges. However, the changes come against a backdrop of limited political opposition in Kazakhstan: mainstream opposition groups hold no seats in government institutions and lack the capacity to shift widespread public opinion. Tokayev’s tenure has also been marked by controversy: in 2022, he ordered a harsh crackdown on widespread nationwide protests that became known as “Bloody January” to locals, which left 238 people dead and thousands more injured. In the wake of the unrest, Tokayev positioned himself as a pro-reform candidate and called an early presidential election later that year, which he won by a landslide.

LONDON – In a bombshell political move that upends Britain’s already volatile electoral landscape, Reform UK leader Nigel Farage announced Tuesday he will resign his current parliamentary seat and force a by-election, framing the contest as a direct appeal to voters to exonerate him of wrongdoing amid overlapping investigations into unreported financial donations.

Standing firm against mounting scrutiny from parliamentary regulators and opposition lawmakers, Farage, a high-profile ally of former U.S. President Donald Trump, released a pre-recorded televised statement taking no questions, where he forcefully denied any misconduct. “I have done nothing wrong. I have not broken the law in any way at all. I have not misused public money,” he asserted.

The controversy centers on two separate donation investigations that have put Farage’s political future at risk. First, Parliament’s independent standards watchdog is examining a £5 million ($6.7 million) gift from Christopher Harborne, a Thailand-based British cryptocurrency billionaire. Under UK parliamentary rules, newly elected lawmakers are required to disclose any gift valued over £300 ($400) received in the 12 months before taking office, unless the gift could not reasonably be linked to the recipient’s political work. Farage has defended the transfer, arguing it was a personal gift used to cover personal security costs, and that it was received before he won his Clacton, Essex seat in eastern England.

A second potential probe is being pushed by opposition lawmakers, who are calling for an investigation into donations from George Cottrell, an aristocratic crypto and gambling entrepreneur who previously served a prison sentence in the United States for fraud. If the investigations find Farage violated parliamentary rules, the outcome could have resulted in his suspension or permanent expulsion from the House of Commons. To pre-empt this disciplinary process, Farage is stepping down immediately to let Clacton’s voters decide his fate.

“The people of Clacton should be the judges of my actions,” Farage said. “This will be a people versus the establishment by-election. I will fight to win.” Even if Farage secures victory in the upcoming by-election, parliamentary officials have confirmed the standards inquiry will likely resume its work once the electoral process concludes.

Farage’s announcement comes at a pivotal moment for Reform UK, the right-wing anti-immigration party that has shaken up Britain’s two-party political order in recent months. Though the party holds just 8 of the 650 seats in the House of Commons, it has repeatedly outperformed both the governing Labour Party and the main opposition Conservative Party in national opinion polls, fueling speculation that Farage could even become Britain’s next prime minister following the next general election. Reform UK emerged as the clear winner of May’s local and regional elections, a result that triggered the internal ouster of sitting Labour Prime Minister Keir Starmer by his own party.

Yet recent electoral trends have raised questions about the strength of Reform UK’s momentum: the party has now lost three consecutive special elections it had prioritized, a dip that many political analysts interpret as a possible sign of softening support. The most recent defeat came at the hands of Labour’s Andy Burnham, who is widely expected to be confirmed as Starmer’s successor as prime minister in the coming weeks. For a party whose rise has closely mirrored Donald Trump’s nationalist, anti-immigration political playbook, losing Farage as its figurehead would deal a devastating blow to its electoral ambitions. Farage has built the party’s base around tapping into voter anger over irregular migrant crossings of the English Channel, repeatedly framing the influx as an “invasion” – a framing critics argue stokes anti-migrant sentiment.

MANILA, Philippines — A dramatic political showdown has unfolded in the Philippines as Vice President Sara Duterte faces a historic Senate impeachment trial, rejecting all charges against her as politically motivated persecution while declaring she will emerge from the public proceedings bloodied but unbowed.

The 48-year-old politician, who has openly announced her intention to run for the presidency in the 2028 national elections to succeed incumbent Ferdinand Marcos Jr., was formally impeached by the Marcos-allied majority in the country’s House of Representatives back in May. Her televised trial, conducted by the 24-member Senate acting as an impeachment court, officially got underway on Monday, marking one of the most high-profile political crises the Southeast Asian nation has faced in recent years.

On the second day of proceedings Tuesday, senators took up the first of four core charges against the vice president: that she made explicit death threats against President Marcos, the first lady, and then-House Speaker Martin Romualdez during a November 2024 online news conference. Prosecutors presented video evidence during the session that captured Duterte stating she would arrange for the three to be killed by an unnamed associate if she herself were killed amid escalating political tensions between the two camps. A second video released as evidence also captured Duterte saying she wanted to have the president’s head cut off, with Duterte clarifying in the footage that her statements were not a joke and that her requested hitman had already agreed to the plan.

Appearing briefly at the Senate complex Tuesday to meet with her legal team, dressed in casual attire and rubber athletic shoes, Duterte addressed reporters ahead of the resumption of trial proceedings. “In this bloodbath and bludgeoning, I will be bloodied but unbowed,” she stated, declining to take further questions from the press. She has repeatedly dismissed all charges against her — which also include allegations of unexplained wealth accumulation, misuse of confidential government funds, corruption, bribery, and inciting sedition — as baseless political attacks designed to derail her presidential ambitions.

The impeachment caps a rapid and dramatic collapse of what was once a powerful political alliance. Duterte and Marcos ran as a united ticket in the 2022 presidential elections, merging the massive voter bases of two of the Philippines’ most powerful political dynasties to win the top two positions. That partnership fractured soon after they took office, however, and tensions have escalated steadily over the past two years.

Supporters of the vice president say the impeachment is a coordinated effort by Marcos and his closest allies to eliminate Duterte as a political challenger ahead of the 2028 vote. The vice president’s camp has also been hit by a string of setbacks targeting her senatorial allies in recent weeks: two pro-Duterte senators have already been arrested and detained on charges of large-scale corruption, while a third has gone into hiding after the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for him as a co-conspirator in alleged crimes against humanity linked to the anti-drug crackdown of former President Rodrigo Duterte, Sara Duterte’s father.

The former president’s anti-drug campaign, carried out between 2011 and 2019 when he held office, was accused of extrajudicially killing thousands of mostly low-income suspected drug dealers and users. Rodrigo Duterte is currently detained by the ICC at The Hague and is scheduled to go on trial for these alleged crimes on November 30. Sara Duterte has publicly held Marcos responsible for coordinating her father’s arrest and handover to the ICC last year, deepening the rift between the two political camps.

Philippine justice officials and lead prosecutors have pushed back against claims of political retribution, saying the corruption charges against the two arrested senators are backed by solid evidence and completely unrelated to the vice president’s impeachment trial.

For Sara Duterte, the stakes of the impeachment trial could not be higher. To secure a conviction that would remove her from office and bar her from future political office, two-thirds of the 24-member Senate — or 16 votes — are required. A conviction would effectively end her 2028 presidential bid before it even begins. Even if Duterte is acquitted, however, she still faces separate ongoing criminal investigations by anti-graft prosecutors for many of the same offenses laid out in the impeachment articles, meaning legal and political challenges will likely continue regardless of the trial’s outcome.

BANGKOK – On Monday, the Chinese Navy carried out a test launch of a long-range ballistic missile from a nuclear-powered submarine, a demonstration that defense analysts say highlights significant advancements in Beijing’s sea-based nuclear deterrence capabilities. The test, the second such launch Chinese forces have conducted into international waters in recent years, has drawn sharp pushback from the United States and multiple Indo-Pacific nations, fueling growing concerns over rising regional militarization.

Following the launch, China’s official Xinhua News Agency confirmed the test had been conducted in the Pacific Ocean, framing it as a routine annual exercise that complied with all international legal norms and standard testing practices, and emphasized the launch was not targeted at any specific nation or entity. The report did not disclose the specific model of the missile tested, and confirmed the missile carried an inert dummy warhead rather than an active nuclear device. While open ocean ballistic missile tests are uncommon, the United States has previously conducted similar tests of its own submarine-launched weapons systems. On Tuesday, Xinhua released an official photograph of the launch but offered no additional technical details. Defense experts have narrowed the likely candidate down to two models: the JL-2 or longer-range JL-3 submarine-launched ballistic missiles, though most agree the available imagery is not sufficiently clear to make a definitive identification. China’s state-run tabloid the Global Times has publicly assessed the test was “most likely” a JL-3, a system with an estimated range of more than 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles), far longer than the shorter-range JL-2.

The test has already triggered widespread diplomatic condemnation across the Indo-Pacific. New Zealand officials have argued the launch took place within waters covered by the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone, established under the 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga, which bans all nuclear weapons activities across the region. China ratified the treaty’s protocols in 1987, committing not to conduct nuclear tests within the zone or threaten signatories with nuclear force.

Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, speaking during a visit to Honiara, Solomon Islands on Tuesday, criticized China for providing insufficient advance notification of the test to regional governments. “There is no doubt that this is a provocative act by China which does destabilize the region,” Albanese told reporters. “This was a test of a nuclear-capable intercontinental ballistic missile fired from a nuclear-powered submarine. That is of real concern because what we need is less nuclear weapons, certainly not more. And the fact that this test took place yesterday with very little notice is of real concern.”

New Zealand Foreign Minister Winston Peters echoed that condemnation Monday, calling the test “unwelcome and concerning.” Solomon Islands opposition Prime Minister Matthew Wale also spoke out against the launch, noting “China is a good friend of Solomon Islands, but this is not something a friend does. This is not … good in our region. We don’t want to see any more countries — China, America, anybody — we don’t want anybody testing their ICBMs in the Pacific Islands region. Be our friend, but don’t threaten us.”

In response to mounting criticism, Beijing has called on foreign nations to avoid “overinterpretation” of the exercise. But analysts argue regional concerns hold legitimate grounding, rooted in longstanding concerns over a lack of transparency around China’s military modernization. “China’s military modernization and buildup have occurred without concurrent increases in openness and transparency, resulting in uncertainty about China’s intentions,” explained Drew Thompson, a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore.

The test comes as Beijing has prioritized comprehensive modernization of the People’s Liberation Army under President Xi Jinping. China already boasts the world’s largest standing army and the largest navy by number of vessels, and while its total nuclear arsenal remains smaller than those of the United States and Russia, it has rapidly expanded its stockpile of nuclear warheads and advanced new long-range missile systems and drone technology in recent years.

China’s officially published 2024 defense budget comes in at roughly $270 billion, representing a roughly 7% annual growth rate over the past four years and sitting just below 2% of the country’s gross domestic product. However, independent defense analysts estimate actual military spending is significantly higher: the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute puts China’s 2024 total defense expenditure at $313.7 billion. Much of the international security community’s focus on China’s military activity centers on tensions over Taiwan, the self-governing island that Beijing claims as its sovereign territory and has refused to rule out using military force to annex. Chinese military forces regularly conduct large-scale air and naval exercises in waters and airspace surrounding the island.

As China expands its military footprint and capabilities, regional powers have responded with their own defense buildup and increased security cooperation with the United States. Japan, for example, has abandoned its decades-long defense spending cap of 1% of GDP, moving to double its budget to 2% of GDP by 2027. The Philippines has also agreed to grant the United States expanded access to four additional military bases on its territory, increasing American military presence in the South China Sea region. Emma Chanlett-Avery, director of Political-Security Affairs at the Asia Society Policy Institute, noted the latest missile test further complicates already fraught relations between Beijing and Tokyo. “The Chinese launch exacerbates already deeply strained relations between Beijing and Tokyo. Since (Prime Minister Sanae) Takaichi’s comments last year suggesting that Japan would engage in a conflict over Taiwan, China has tightened export controls on Japan and accused it of embracing a ‘new time of militarism,’” Chanlett-Avery said.