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When Andy Burnham took office as United Kingdom Prime Minister, political observers immediately anticipated a shift in the nation’s approach to Middle East foreign policy. For weeks, that shift has only been visible in subtle shifts in ministerial rhetoric, with no concrete policy changes laid out for the public. That veil of secrecy is set to lift, however, when UK Parliament returns from its summer recess, multiple senior sources across Whitehall and British civil society have confirmed to independent outlet Middle East Eye.

At the top of the slate of proposed policy changes is a long-debated ban on goods imported from illegal Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories. According to reporting from MEE, Foreign Secretary Ed Miliband has emerged as a leading advocate for stricter measures against settlements, holding ongoing consultations with a broad cross-section of civil society organizations to refine the proposal. Senior Foreign Office discussions are currently weighing whether to extend the measures to include legal penalties for UK companies and organizations that maintain business or operational ties to settlements in the occupied territories.

The push for new regulations comes as the Charity Commission, the UK’s independent charity regulator, is already investigating multiple British charities accused of funneling funds to Israeli settlements. Former Prime Minister Keir Starmer stated publicly in June that no UK charity should provide support to settlements, but he refused to commit the government to an official ban on charitable donations to the entities. The Burnham administration, by contrast, is actively exploring a full ban on such donations, insiders confirm.

Beyond trade and charity regulations, the Foreign Office is also evaluating new targeted sanctions against individuals and organizations tied to the aggressive Israeli settler movement in the occupied West Bank. The UK previously imposed sanctions on far-right Israeli cabinet ministers Itamar Ben Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich last year, and internal discussions are now centered on expanding that sanctions list to include additional Israeli political figures.

Another high-stakes policy under review is the UK’s controversial arms sales regime to Israel. In September 2024, shortly after taking office, the Starmer government suspended approximately 30 direct export licenses for UK-made military hardware, after an official assessment found a “clear risk” the equipment could be used in Gaza to commit serious violations of international humanitarian law. That suspension included direct exports of UK-manufactured components for F-35 fighter jets, but the Starmer administration carved out a critical exemption for components sent to the global F-35 spare parts pool, even though those parts can ultimately end up in Israeli aircraft. UK-made components account for 15% of every F-35, a advanced fighter jet Israel has deployed heavily throughout its military campaign in Gaza, as well as in strikes on Lebanon and Iran.

The Starmer government defended the exemption, arguing that a full unilateral halt on UK component exports would disrupt the entire global F-35 fleet and threaten broader international security. Starmer also approved $169 million in new military exports to Israel during his tenure, including more than 8,600 separate munitions shipments categorized as “bombs, grenades, torpedoes, mines, missiles and other similar munitions.” Senior sources confirm that a full ban on these military exports is now active under discussion within the Burnham government, though no final decision has been reached.

In a statement provided to Middle East Eye on Wednesday, a Foreign Office spokesperson reaffirmed the UK’s long-standing legal position: “Settlements are illegal under international law, undermine the viability of a two-state solution and fuel insecurity for both Palestinians and Israelis. We have given clear advice to UK businesses that they should not engage in economic activity in illegal settlements and warn them of the reputational and potentially legal consequences of any such activities.”

Months before he assumed the premiership in July, Burnham set the stage for this policy shift by issuing a public apology for the Starmer-led Labour Party’s early support for Israel’s military campaign in Gaza and its refusal to back an immediate ceasefire in 2023 and early 2024. Since taking office, he has faced mounting pressure from Labour Party backbenchers to follow through on campaign-adjacent promises by banning trade with illegal settlements and adopting a firmer stance on Middle East issues.

MEE first reported in November last year that senior Foreign Office ministers had already privately concluded a ban on settlement goods was a desirable policy. Initial discussions on how to implement such a ban actually began in the final months of Starmer’s premiership, and in early July, then-Middle East Minister Hamish Falconer publicly confirmed that UK officials were working through the technical challenges of implementing a ban and coordinating with European Union allies on the issue. Several EU member states, including the Netherlands and Spain, have already implemented their own national bans on settlement goods, with Ireland currently in the process of rolling out its own restrictions.

Insiders note that Burnham has intentionally prioritized rolling out domestic policy initiatives during his first weeks in Downing Street, but last month he publicly confirmed his government is evaluating “further measures to deter unacceptable violence” in the occupied West Bank.

The push for new restrictions has faced pushback from within the Labour Party itself. Labour Friends of Israel (LFI), a prominent pro-Israel parliamentary lobby group that counts more than 70 sitting MPs as members, published a report earlier this month that pushed back against a full ban, arguing that some illegal settlement activity is justified and urging the government to abandon the proposal. The LFI report claimed a full trade boycott of all settlements is “practically and politically impossible” and would harm all Israeli businesses operating in major settlement blocs, as well as areas of East Jerusalem and the Old City.

This position stands in stark contrast to the Labour Party’s own stance when it was in opposition. Back in June 2020, then-shadow Foreign Secretary Lisa Nandy publicly called for a ban on settlement goods imports, saying the move required “courage that so far ministers have not been willing to show.” The pressure for action also reflects overwhelming grassroots support within the party: polling conducted earlier this year found that 87% of rank-and-file Labour members support a ban on trade with Israeli settlements, with only 6% opposing the measure.

Weeks after Iranian and American negotiators finalized a historic Memorandum of Understanding to put an end to months of escalating cross-border hostilities in late June, Iran’s top security body, the Supreme National Security Council (SNSC), publicly threw its weight behind the breakthrough agreement in an official statement. The statement carried the signature of Mohammad Bagher Zolghadr, a former hardline general from the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) who stepped into his role after the killing of prominent moderate Ali Larijani. Larijani, a vocal backer of a diplomatic deal with Washington, was killed in a joint US-Israeli airstrike on March 17.

In Iran’s political structure, the SNSC secretary – a role appointed by the sitting president – holds no voting power on the council. But Zolghadr had simultaneously been named as supreme leader Ali Khamenei’s personal representative to the body, a post that grants full voting authority, putting him in a unique position to formally back the deal.

Zolghadr’s public endorsement of the agreement caught Iran’s ultraconservative principlist faction completely off guard. Unprepared for the turn of events, the hardline bloc launched a sustained smear campaign against Zolghadr, even circulating unsubstantiated claims that his son resides in Austria to discredit him.

Days after the SNSC released its statement, Iran’s new supreme leader Mojtaba Khamenei released his own public remarks, revealing that he held “in principle” opposition to the agreement while placing full responsibility for the deal squarely on the negotiating team. Political analysts say the statement effectively abandoned negotiators to backlash, emboldening ultraconservatives to ramp up their attacks against the agreement, the reformist-leaning government led by President Masoud Pezeshkian, the negotiating team, and Zolghadr personally.

According to two anonymous sources within Iran’s conservative camp, Zolghadr penned a direct letter to Khamenei following the supreme leader’s statement, voicing clear dissatisfaction with the move. Zolghadr argued that Khamenei had already been fully briefed on all details of the agreement prior to its public announcement, and submitted his formal resignation from his posts on the council.

Citing insider accounts, the sources confirm Khamenei accepted Zolghadr’s resignation nearly immediately. The departure marks a highly unusual moment in Iranian politics: it is rare for a senior government official to resign in explicit protest of a direct decision from the supreme leader.

Principlist lawmakers and allies have publicly framed Zolghadr’s exit as a removal, arguing he was ousted for aligning with President Pezeshkian and backing the deal instead of opposing it. But reporting from Middle East Eye, speaking to multiple conservative sources with direct knowledge of the episode, directly contradicts that narrative.

The sources confirm that President Pezeshkian lobbied heavily to convince Khamenei to reject the resignation and keep Zolghadr in his role as SNSC secretary, noting Zolghadr’s broad alignment with the government’s goal of securing a diplomatic deal with the United States. Pezeshkian’s efforts ultimately fell short, however.

In Zolghadr’s place, Khamenei appointed former IRGC commander Mohsen Rezaei as his new representative to the SNSC. The appointment effectively forced President Pezeshkian to name Rezaei as SNSC secretary, despite the president’s initial resistance to the pick, which he only signed off on at the eleventh hour.

At 71 years old, Rezaei has been a core figure in the Islamic Republic’s military, security, and political establishment for nearly 50 years. In the aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, he helped build the IRGC’s intelligence apparatus, and became the IRGC’s commander at just 27 years old. He held the top IRGC post for 16 years, leading the force through the entirety of the 1980s Iran-Iraq War.

Rezaei was already involved in behind-the-scenes diplomacy with the United States as early as the mid-1980s, during the Iran-Contra affair, a scandal that saw the US secretly sell weapons to Iran to fund anti-government Contra rebels in Nicaragua. Former Iranian President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani once told local media that his nephew Ali Hashemi, a key go-between for contacts with Ronald Reagan’s White House, briefed both him and Rezaei on meetings with US officials.

Per Rafsanjani’s account, Rezaei encouraged the backchannel talks, telling him “Keep going. We need weapons.” Rafsanjani also recalled that Rezaei instructed him to hand off his contacts to allies Rezaei named to keep the process moving forward, and confirmed after a second round of negotiations that Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, was fully aware of the secret talks. As the contacts progressed, Rafsanjani and two IRGC officials even traveled to Washington for closed-door negotiations.

In the 1990s, Rezaei’s eldest son relocated to the United States, where he sought asylum and became a public critic of the Islamic Republic. He eventually returned to Iran, but died years later under suspicious circumstances in a Dubai hotel.

By the end of the 1990s, Rezaei sought to transition from his military career to a more prominent political and policy role. He enrolled in economics studies at the University of Tehran, completed a doctorate, and increasingly focused his work at the Expediency Discernment Council on macroeconomics, national development planning, and broad institutional policy priorities. He has launched multiple campaigns for the Iranian presidency, but never secured victory. In September 2021, the late President Ebrahim Raisi appointed Rezaei as vice president for economic affairs and secretary of the Supreme Economic Coordination Council of the Heads of the Three Branches of Government. Rezaei stepped down from the vice presidency in June 2023, but retained his post as secretary of the economic coordination council at Raisi’s request.

In comments on April 6, Rezaei argued that the US naval blockade of Iran was “vulnerable” and amounted to little more than psychological warfare, saying it would not shift Iran’s negotiating position. “I do not personally support extending the ceasefire. It should happen only if a final agreement is reached and our rights are secured,” he stated. He also added that Washington has no coherent strategy to end the ongoing conflict, noting that the US tests one approach, fails, and then pivots to another. He laid out two possible outcomes: that the US is coming to terms with its defeat, or that former US President Donald Trump would so severely damage US global standing that he would eventually be removed from office.

On July 7, just days after the MoU was finalized, Rezaei said: “Those opposed to negotiations should wait. The Americans themselves will derail these talks.”

Despite Rezaei’s increasingly harsh public rhetoric against the current negotiations, a senior Iranian political source familiar with his thinking told Middle East Eye that Rezaei is personally a pragmatist who has long favored restoring diplomatic relations with the US and ending the long-running conflict. The source added, however, that Rezaei’s long-standing political calculations and his commitment to retaining his place in Iran’s power structure have consistently led him to “go with the flow,” shifting his public positions to align with changing political tides. The source described this adaptability as one of the defining traits of Rezaei’s decades-long political career. The source added that it will soon become clear whether Rezaei’s hardline rhetoric reflects genuine opposition to the ongoing negotiations, or is simply a political tactic to undermine the current negotiating team because he was excluded from the core of the current process.

Middle East Eye provides independent, in-depth coverage and analysis of the Middle East, North Africa, and surrounding regions.

Three years ago, the sight of Turkish ruling coalition lawmakers posing alongside pro-Kurdish and other opposition legislators after passing a partial clemency bill for Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) members would have been unthinkable. Yet this extraordinary scene became reality this week, following a landmark parliamentary vote that marks the first formal government effort in modern Turkish history to end nearly 40 years of armed conflict with the PKK.

The PKK launched its guerrilla campaign against the Turkish state in the early 1980s, a conflict that has claimed the lives of thousands of civilians and security force personnel. Initially organized to demand full Kurdish independence, the group has in recent decades shifted its goals to push for greater political and cultural autonomy for Turkey’s Kurdish population. After two years of quiet negotiations with imprisoned PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its nationalist coalition partner, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), moved forward with the peace legislation. What makes the process even more remarkable is that it was initiated by MHP leader Devlet Bahceli, a long-time hardline opponent of the PKK who once repeatedly called for Ocalan’s execution, in an October 2024 speech where he unexpectedly positioned himself as a champion of negotiations.

Following months of deliberations by a special parliamentary committee focused on the Kurdish question, and extended talks involving Ocalan, PKK commanders based in northern Iraq’s Qandil Mountains, and exiled PKK leaders based in Europe, the draft legislation was tabled last week and ratified by parliament on Monday.

The new law outlines a clear path toward disarmament and reconciliation: it grants pardons to former PKK members who have never been convicted of violent offenses such as premeditated murder, and allows the immediate release of prisoners jailed for non-violent PKK-related activities. Before any repatriation or pardons can take effect, the PKK must fully lay down its arms, verify its compliance to Turkish authorities, and end all illegal activities including counterfeit and drug smuggling. Repatriation of eligible non-violent PKK members is scheduled to begin in September, with a six-month implementation window; those who fail to apply within this period will lose their eligibility for the clemency program. Turkish intelligence services will oversee the disarmament process, and a formal compliance report will be submitted to Turkey’s National Security Council to trigger the next phase of the process. The law applies to PKK members across all locations, including those based in Europe, and automatically cancels any pending sentences based solely on PKK membership once the organization formally dissolves, clearing the way for former members to resume civilian life in Turkey.

What has stunned observers most is not the passage of the bill itself, but the unprecedented breadth of cross-party support it garnered. Beyond the ruling AKP and MHP, the legislation won backing from the main secular opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP), small right-wing and Islamist groups including the New Welfare Party (Yeniden Refah) and Felicity Party (Saadet), the liberal Democracy and Progress Party (DEVA), and even Huda Par, an Islamist Kurdish party that has long opposed the PKK. Left-wing groups including the socialist Workers’ Party of Turkey (TIP) and multiple smaller left-wing parties also supported the measure. Prominent opposition figures including imprisoned Istanbul Mayor Ekrem Imamoglu and Ozgur Ozel, leader of the New Party and a former CHP dissident who now leads the main opposition bloc inside parliament, also publicly endorsed the bill.

While supporting parties bring a range of differing perspectives and private reservations to the process — Ozel allowed New Party lawmakers a free vote, and many ultimately opposed the legislation — the final tally reflected overwhelming parliamentary backing: 468 of the 600-seat body’s 592 sitting members voted in favor. In his parliamentary address, Ozel emphasized that despite deep disagreements with the Erdogan government over its ongoing crackdown on opposition mayors and its efforts to remove him from his former CHP leadership role, his party would not stand in the way of peace. “We have every right to reject this law, but we will not put that right before the future of this nation,” Ozel told lawmakers. “We will pave the way for peace so that no other mother has to embrace her son’s coffin.”

Even for Ocalan, the legislation does not grant an official formal role in the reconciliation process, but Turkish officials expect his conditions of imprisonment on Imrali Island to be eased substantially once implementation begins. Changes could include upgraded living quarters and expanded access to journalists and public figures, allowing him to communicate more openly with the Turkish public as the process moves forward. It also remains unclear how many PKK members across the organization’s global network — from the Qandil Mountains leadership to branches in Iraq, Syria, and Europe — will choose to take advantage of the clemency terms. Some long-term prisoners who have already served 25 years of their sentences may also qualify for early release under the new law.

In his address, Ozel also raised a key political question hanging over the peace process: a resolution to the Kurdish conflict could clear the way for a new political alliance between Erdogan’s AKP and the pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Equality and Democracy Party (DEM), potentially opening the door for Erdogan to run for a third presidential term in 2028. Erdogan is currently serving his second constitutionally limited term, but a parliamentary vote to call early elections would reset the term count, allowing him to stand again. With backing from DEM and smaller aligned parties, the AKP could secure the parliamentary majority needed to authorize that early vote.