On Monday, United Kingdom Prime Minister Andy Burnham held a face-to-face meeting with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in Kyiv, a gathering that comes as Western allies adjust their approach to military support for Ukraine amid its ongoing defensive war against Russia.
The latest significant shift in this support strategy came after France first agreed, followed by the UK, to hand over full technical blueprints for the joint Franco-British Scalp/Storm Shadow cruise missile, allowing Ukraine to attempt domestic production of the long-range weapon. This decision marks a notable departure from previous Western caution about sharing sensitive military expertise, sending a clear signal that a core group of Western nations is willing to deepen its technological assistance to help Ukraine defend its sovereign territory.
However, military analysts and defense insiders warn that this step alone is unlikely to dramatically shift the trajectory of the nearly three-year-old conflict. The Storm Shadow/Scalp missiles are not a cutting-edge new technology: they were initially developed in the 1990s, and thousands of the units have already been supplied to Ukraine by both Britain and France, which have used the weapons to strike high-value Russian military targets deep inside Russian-occupied territory and Russia proper.
Beyond the age of the design, multiple structural barriers stand in the way of large-scale domestic production in Ukraine. Each unit costs roughly £1 million to build, relies on specialized, hard-to-source components tied to complex global supply chains, and has historically only been produced in low volumes — in the hundreds, not the thousands, needed for a protracted full-scale war. Even with full access to blueprints, experts estimate it could take Ukraine anywhere from months to several years to establish a working production line capable of turning out meaningful numbers of the missiles.
This challenge has exposed a long-standing flaw in Western defense planning that the war in Ukraine has forced allies to confront. For decades, NATO nations including the UK prioritized building small batches of high-precision, high-cost weapons, a model that has proven completely unsustainable for drawn-out conflicts. As far back as 2021, former United States Army Europe commander General Ben Hodges revealed that a NATO wargame run by the UK found the British military would exhaust its stockpiles of critical precision weapons within just days of full-scale conflict.
The UK’s own shift away from the old model is already underway: the British military no longer purchases new Storm Shadow missiles for its own arsenal. Instead, it is accelerating development of a new domestic long-range cruise missile under the rapid-program initiative Project Brakestop. Designed to be built without reliance on foreign components and priced at less than half the cost of a Storm Shadow, the new missile is on track to enter service by the end of 2026 — and the UK has pledged to supply the new weapon to Ukraine once production scales.
Ironically, it is Ukraine itself that has paved the way for this new approach to weapons production for protracted war. When Russia launched its full-scale invasion in 2022, Ukraine’s armed forces relied entirely on aging Soviet-era Cold War weaponry. Gradual, inconsistent supply of Western weapons pushed Kyiv to rapidly build up its own domestic defense industry, and today 70% of all weapons used by Ukraine’s military are produced domestically.
The centerpiece of Ukraine’s domestic defense innovation has been unmanned aerial systems. From small, low-cost first-person view (FPV) one-way attack drones for front-line engagements to large long-range drones capable of striking targets deep inside Russia, Ukraine has scaled production at an unprecedented rate. Kyiv is on track to manufacture 1 million drones by the end of 2026, and by leveraging mass-produced commercial components from China, Ukraine can build its drones at half the cost of equivalent NATO-built systems, which have intentionally avoided Chinese parts.
Even with this impressive domestic production capacity, Ukraine still faces critical gaps in its ability to build certain high-end weapons systems indigenously. These include advanced fighter jets, and most urgently, air defense interceptors capable of shooting down incoming Russian ballistic missiles. By far the most effective system for this mission is the U.S.-built Patriot interceptor, but Ukraine’s stockpiles are now nearly exhausted. Existing global supply is already stretched thin by U.S. commitments in the Middle East, and each Patriot interceptor costs roughly £3 million, with current production rates far too low to meet Ukraine’s needs. While the U.S. plans to ramp up annual production from 600 to 2,000 missiles, that expansion will take several years to complete.
Last month, former U.S. President Donald Trump signaled openness to sharing Patriot production technology with Ukraine, but he has since walked back that commitment. Even if the technology transfer were approved, experts estimate it would take Ukraine at least a year to begin production, and the country would still face the same component shortages that are plaguing global production lines.
Ukraine has launched its own domestic interceptor development program, Project Freya, with support from European partners. But developing a high-speed interceptor capable of destroying an incoming ballistic missile traveling thousands of miles per hour poses extreme technological hurdles, and the process is both extremely costly and time-consuming.
Ukraine’s defense sector has already proven it can adapt and innovate at remarkable speed: domestic defense firm Fire Point is currently developing an indigenous ballistic missile that it aims to deploy for combat next year. But Russia has already ramped up its own ballistic missile production to roughly 100 units per month, putting continuous pressure on Ukraine’s stretched air defense networks. At the end of the day, developing sophisticated military weapons is a capital-intensive, time-consuming process, and Ukraine is currently facing critical shortages of both time and funding to scale up production of the systems it needs to win the war.