A recent report by Oil Change International has unveiled that 25 countries supplied Israel with crude oil and refined petroleum products during its two-year military operations in Gaza. Between November 1, 2023, and October 1, 2025, a total of 323 shipments, carrying nearly 21.2 million tonnes of fuel, were tracked. Among these, 171 shipments transported 17.9 million tonnes of crude oil, with 70% originating from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Azeri crude is routed through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline to Turkey, while Kazakh crude is exported via the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) to Russia’s Black Sea coast. Despite being listed under Turkey and Russia as countries of origin, the crude is identified as Azeri BTC and Kazakh CPC, respectively. Shipments from Africa and Brazil were also recorded, though Brazilian exports to Israel reportedly ceased in 2025, possibly redirected to refineries in Italy. Additionally, 17 countries supplied 152 shipments of refined petroleum products, with 45% coming from Russia. Notably, the U.S. contributed nine shipments of JP-8 jet fuel and two diesel shipments. The report raises legal and ethical questions, particularly in light of the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) interim order on preventing genocide. Dr. Irene Pietropaoli, in a legal opinion, emphasized that states risk complicity in genocide under the Genocide Convention by continuing fuel exports to Israel. In September 2025, the UN’s Independent International Commission urged member states to halt arms and fuel transfers to Israel, citing potential use in military operations involving genocide.