标签： Asia

In a significant escalation of its campaign to choke off Iran’s primary oil export revenue, the Trump administration announced sweeping new economic sanctions Friday targeting a top Chinese independent oil refinery and around 40 shipping firms and tankers linked to the transport of Iranian crude. The move, first revealed by The Associated Press, follows through on longstanding White House threats to impose secondary sanctions on any entities and nations that continue commercial activity with Iran, marking a sharp escalation of tensions across multiple diplomatic fronts.

Concurrent with the latest sanctions package, the U.S. has also enacted a physical blockade of the Strait of Hormuz this month, the critical Persian Gulf chokepoint through which roughly a fifth of the world’s daily oil consumption passes, amplifying already severe disruptions to global energy markets.

The timing of the announcement places new strain on bilateral relations just weeks before a scheduled in-person meeting between U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping in China, a summit that was already expected to address a host of contentious trade and geopolitical disagreements between the two global powers.

At the center of Friday’s sanctions is Hengli Petrochemical’s large-scale refinery complex in the northeastern Chinese port city of Dalian. The facility boasts a daily crude processing capacity of approximately 400,000 barrels, earning its status as one of the largest independent refineries in all of China. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, Hengli has accepted multiple shipments of Iranian crude since 2023, activities that the agency says have generated hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue for Iran’s military establishment. Advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran first identified Hengli as one of dozens of regular Chinese buyers of Iranian crude in a February 2025 report.

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent reaffirmed the administration’s hardline stance in comments released Friday, stating that the department “will continue to constrict the network of vessels, intermediaries and buyers Iran relies on to move its oil to global markets.” The push to cut off Iranian oil trade has accelerated in recent weeks: earlier this month, Bessent’s department issued a formal letter to financial institutions across China, Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates and Oman, warning that the U.S. would impose secondary sanctions on any institutions facilitating Iranian trade, accusing these jurisdictions of allowing illicit Iranian financial activities to operate through their banking systems.

Speaking at a White House press briefing on April 15, Bessent underscored the gravity of the administration’s new policy, noting “we have told countries that if you are buying Iranian oil, that if Iranian money is sitting in your banks, we are now willing to apply secondary sanctions, which is a very stern measure.”

The sanctions come amid a period of extreme turmoil for the global energy trade, where ongoing conflict around the Persian Gulf has already disrupted oil and natural gas shipments, driving international energy prices sharply higher. To partially mitigate the economic impact of rising fuel costs, the Treasury Department has issued temporary sanctions waivers for Russian crude imports and a one-time exemption for Iranian cargoes already at sea ahead of the new sanctions.

As of Friday, the Associated Press reported that it was still working to secure official comment from Chinese government representatives on the latest sanctions announcement. However, Beijing has already issued a formal rebuke of similar measures taken earlier this month against another Chinese refinery tied to Iranian oil purchases. Liu Pengyu, spokesperson for the Chinese embassy in Washington, said at the time that the unilateral U.S. sanctions “undermines international trade order and rules, disrupts normal economic and trade exchanges, and infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese companies and individuals.”

A confidential internal email from the US Department of Defense, obtained exclusively by Reuters, has laid out a slate of potential punitive measures Washington could deploy against NATO member states that refuse to back the US-led campaign against Iran, including the extraordinary step of expelling Spain from the 75-year-old transatlantic alliance.

The leaked document comes amid long-running tension stoked by former President Donald Trump, who has repeatedly blasted what he frames as an unfair power dynamic within NATO, where the US carries a disproportionate share of collective defense costs while many allies fail to align with Washington’s key foreign policy priorities. Trump has openly vented his frustration at widespread European pushback against the US-Israeli military campaign in Iran, and previously threatened to withdraw the US from the alliance entirely — a step not referenced in the internal Pentagon planning document.

Spain has emerged as the most outspoken European critic of the conflict, labeling the operation illegal from its launch and barring US forces from accessing Spanish military bases or national airspace for Iran war operations. In the Pentagon’s internal assessment, these actions were framed as a fundamental violation of the baseline expectations for alliance members contributing to collective efforts. On Friday, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez pushed back firmly against the reports of potential expulsion during a press briefing on the sidelines of an EU summit in Nicosia. “Spain is a reliable member within NATO that is fulfilling all its obligations,” Sánchez told reporters, adding “As a result, I am absolutely not worried” about any threats of expulsion.

The United Kingdom, another key NATO ally, has also drawn Trump’s anger for its limited opposition to the Iran war. While London allowed US aircraft to operate from British military bases, Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s government has not aligned fully with Washington’s campaign. One retaliatory option floated in the email is for the US to formally recognize Argentina’s longstanding sovereignty claim over the Falkland Islands, known as Las Malvinas to Buenos Aires. The South Atlantic territory has been a point of contention between the UK and Argentina for decades, and a 1982 Argentine invasion sparked a 10-week war that killed nearly 1,000 servicemembers from both sides before the UK retook control of the islands. Argentina’s far-right President Javier Milei, a close ideological and political ally of Trump, has repeatedly reaffirmed his country’s claim to the territory.

Other punitive options outlined include blocking NATO members deemed “difficult” by Washington from securing prominent leadership positions within the alliance’s institutional structure. As of publication, the UK Foreign Office had not responded to multiple requests for comment from Middle East Eye on the leaked plans.

When approached by Reuters for comment on the internal email, Pentagon Press Secretary Kingsley Wilson did not deny the document’s authenticity. “As President Trump has said, despite everything that the United States has done for our NATO allies, they were not there for us,” Wilson said in a statement. “The War Department will ensure that the President has credible options to ensure that our allies are no longer a paper tiger and instead do their part. We have no further comment on any internal deliberations to that effect.”

The British Foreign Office has shut down a specialized unit tasked with tracking potential violations of international law by Israeli forces in Gaza, a move that has sparked sharp criticism from human rights groups amid contradictory government messaging about its commitment to upholding global legal standards.

The closure comes just weeks after new Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper positioned respect for international law as a core pillar of the Labour government’s foreign policy agenda during her landmark annual address in early April. The decision to disband the unit stems from department-wide budget cuts that will terminate funding for the Conflict and Security Monitoring Project, an initiative run in partnership with the independent non-profit Centre for Information Resilience (CIR).

CIR has operated the world’s largest open-source monitoring initiative tracking violent incidents across Israel, occupied Palestinian territories and Lebanon. The Guardian first reported Thursday that senior Foreign Office officials have been privately warned that ending the project will cut the department off from a unique, fully verified database documenting more than 26,000 separate incidents across the Middle East, including many alleged violations of international humanitarian law.

In an official statement released Friday, a Foreign Office spokesperson pushed back against criticism, saying the government continues to devote significant resources and expertise to conflict prevention and resolution efforts, including ongoing monitoring of international humanitarian law in Gaza. The spokesperson framed the change as part of a routine internal restructuring, noting that work previously handled by the dedicated monitoring unit has been transferred to an existing internal team within the department. The spokesperson also confirmed that the Foreign Office retains full access to all CIR research funded by UK tax dollars, and added that CIR’s findings are just one of multiple sources used to inform the government’s policy assessments on international humanitarian law issues.

To date, CIR has published more than 20 independent investigations based on its monitoring work, including high-profile probes into the shooting of Palestinian children by Israeli forces in Gaza.

The unit’s shutdown follows the new Labour government’s controversial decision earlier this year to cut the UK’s official overseas aid budget to 0.3% of gross national income, down from the longstanding 0.7% target enshrined in law. The internal review that led to the closure was ordered by Oliver Robbins, the Foreign Office’s recently ousted permanent secretary. Robbins was dismissed by Prime Minister Keir Starmer last week amid fallout from the Peter Mandelson lobbying scandal, adding another layer of political controversy to the monitoring unit’s closure.

Human rights organizations have condemned the move as a clear departure from the government’s stated commitment to upholding international law. Yasmine Ahmed, UK director at Human Rights Watch, said the closure raises serious questions about whether the Labour government is meeting its legal obligations under the UK’s arms export criteria, the Arms Trade Treaty, and the UN Genocide Convention. Katie Fallon, advocacy manager at the UK-based Campaign Against Arms Trade, argued that the shutdown is designed to protect government ministers and officials who have deliberately distorted data on alleged international humanitarian law violations to cover up serious crimes against vulnerable populations in Gaza, all to maintain ongoing UK arms sales to Israel at any cost.

The UK has maintained extensive military cooperation with Israel throughout the ongoing conflict in Gaza, most notably through the sharing of intelligence gathered from surveillance flights operating over the enclave with the Israeli military. The two countries first signed a classified bilateral defence partnership agreement in 2020, which aimed to formalize and deepen security and military cooperation between the two states. The full text of the agreement has never been released to the public: former Conservative defence minister James Heappey noted in 2021 that the deal would streamline planning for joint UK-Israeli military activity, while sitting Labour defence minister Luke Pollard confirmed in 2024 that the text remains classified at the highest level. The UK Ministry of Defence also confirmed last October that the agreement is still in full force, according to reporting from independent outlet Declassified UK.

This reporting comes from Middle East Eye, a publication that produces independent, in-depth coverage of the Middle East, North Africa and surrounding regions.