Sudan, a nation in northeast Africa, has been engulfed in a devastating civil war since April 2023, triggered by a power struggle between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), a powerful paramilitary group. The conflict has resulted in over 150,000 deaths and displaced approximately 12 million people, creating what the United Nations has termed the world’s largest humanitarian crisis. The war has exacerbated existing poverty, with state revenues plummeting by 80% in 2024, further crippling the nation’s economy. The roots of the conflict trace back to the 2019 ousting of long-time President Omar al-Bashir, followed by a series of coups and failed attempts at establishing a civilian-led government. The current war is fueled by disagreements between SAF leader Gen Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and RSF leader Gen Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, particularly over the integration of the RSF into the national army. The RSF, which originated from the notorious Janjaweed militia, has been accused of committing atrocities, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Darfur. The conflict has seen the RSF gain control of key territories, including el-Fasher, while the SAF retains dominance in the north and east. International efforts to broker peace have failed, with both sides showing little willingness to compromise. The humanitarian situation is dire, with over 24 million people facing acute food insecurity and aid operations severely hampered. The international community’s response has been criticized as inadequate, with calls for urgent action to prevent further catastrophe.