A new cycle of violence has swept across the Middle East early Thursday, as the United States unleashed a second, more extensive wave of airstrikes targeting Iranian military assets, drawing immediate retaliatory strikes from Tehran against three neighboring Gulf and regional states. This tit-for-tat escalation has put a fragile two-month ceasefire to the test, roiled global energy markets, and underscored deep divides that continue to block a negotiated end to a conflict that began in late February.
U.S. Central Command confirmed the latest round of airstrikes concluded just before sunrise Thursday, stating the operation was launched “in response to Iran’s unwarranted and continued aggression.” The strikes, carried out jointly by U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps, and Naval assets, targeted Iranian military surveillance infrastructure, communication networks, and air defense installations across multiple Iranian cities. Explosions from the attacks were reported as far as the capital Tehran, the key Strait of Hormuz port city Bandar Abbas, and other southern Iranian regions along the strategic waterway. Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard reported that strikes hit a manufacturing complex, a military barracks, and a Guard outpost on the outskirts of Tehran. Tehran has so far released limited details on the full scope of casualties and infrastructure damage from the expanded assault, which U.S. officials confirm was broader in scope and intensity than the previous day’s attacks.
In response to the U.S. strikes, Iran launched its second consecutive day of retaliatory strikes targeting Bahrain, Kuwait, and Jordan. The escalation triggered immediate disruptions across the region: Kuwait closed its entire airspace for several hours Thursday morning, offering no further details on potential damage. While the U.S. Embassy in Amman, Jordan, issued advance warnings of the incoming Iranian strikes, the Jordanian government has not publicly acknowledged the attack. In Bahrain, the Interior Ministry reported an 11-year-old girl was injured, and multiple civilian vehicles and residential properties were damaged by falling debris from air defense interceptions aimed at the incoming Iranian projectiles. Early Thursday also brought an additional security alert from Israel, which ordered northern residents to seek shelter after detecting potential incoming fire from Iran-allied Hezbollah in Lebanon, further expanding the scope of regional instability.
This exchange marks the third round of direct cross-border strikes in just one week. It follows an initial Iran-Israel clash Sunday through Monday, then two back-to-back rounds of hostilities between the U.S. and Iran. The new escalation comes as diplomatic efforts to reach a ceasefire and end the overall conflict have once again hit a deadlock. Iran has remained firm in its position that it will maintain its effective chokehold on the Strait of Hormuz, the world’s most critical chokepoint for global oil and natural gas trade. Tehran’s control of the waterway has already disrupted global energy supplies and pushed crude prices sharply higher, giving Iran what it sees as a powerful bargaining chip in negotiations.
Even as both Washington and Tehran have signaled openness to a deal that could end the conflict if framed as a domestic political win, deep core disagreements continue to block progress. U.S. President Donald Trump, who is pushing for a rapid agreement to ease pressure on fuel prices ahead of November’s midterm elections, has repeatedly called on Iran to sign a peace deal and suggested this week an agreement could be reached within days. But Trump’s demands remain unacceptable to Tehran: the U.S. insists Iran abandon its stockpile of highly enriched uranium, which Washington argues puts Tehran just a short technical step away from developing a nuclear weapon. Iran, which maintains its nuclear program is entirely peaceful, has refused to give up its uranium stockpile and is demanding sweeping sanctions relief and the immediate release of billions of dollars in frozen Iranian assets before any final deal is reached — a demand Trump has already rejected. Iran also insists any peace deal must end ongoing fighting between Israel and its ally Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Adding to the already high human cost of the conflict, an Indian government official confirmed Thursday that three Indian mariners were killed in a recent U.S. attack on the Palau-flagged oil tanker *Settebello*, which U.S. Central Command accused of violating a blockade by transporting Iranian crude oil. Indian Ports, Shipping and Waterways Minister Sarbananda Sonowal announced the deaths of the three missing crew members on the social platform X. U.S. forces fired on the tanker’s engine room to halt its voyage Wednesday. The head of the International Maritime Organization, a United Nations body overseeing global shipping, condemned the attack, noting that 43 separate attacks on commercial shipping have been recorded in the region since the conflict began, putting civilian seafarers at severe risk. A second tanker near the strike site off the coast of Oman reported an engine room fire early Thursday, according to British military maritime operations authorities, though it remains unclear what caused the blaze, with initial unconfirmed reports pointing to a potential second U.S. strike.
Trump has confirmed that the U.S. military has been running what he calls a “secret mission” to move oil shipments past Iranian forces in the Strait of Hormuz for the past month. He claimed that ships are transiting undetected under cover of darkness, enabled by U.S. strikes that destroyed Iranian radar systems, and that more than 100 million barrels of oil have already evaded Iran’s blockade. That figure roughly equals five days of pre-war traffic through the strait, but no independent verification of the claim has been released. U.S. Central Command has disputed Iran’s claims that the strait is fully closed, saying commercial vessels continue to transit the waterway, but the threat of attacks has drastically reduced normal shipping traffic.
The conflict, which began with joint U.S.-Israeli strikes on Iran starting February 28, has already sent shockwaves through the global economy. International benchmark Brent crude traded above $93 per barrel Wednesday, representing a more than 25% jump since the start of hostilities, driving up prices for gasoline, food, and other essential goods worldwide. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has also further complicated efforts to reach a compromise, with his stated goals including the full collapse of Iran’s theocratic government, the complete elimination of Iran’s nuclear program, and the destruction of the Hezbollah militant group in Lebanon — aims that make any negotiated deal far harder to achieve.
Mediation efforts remain ongoing, with a Qatari diplomatic delegation working in coordination with U.S. officials wrapping up talks in Tehran and departing the capital Thursday morning, according to an anonymous official briefed on the mediation process.