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For Shahid Ali and his wife, the dream of completing Hajj was decades in the making. For years, the East London couple stashed savings in a dented tin box hidden in their home, skipping vacations, putting off home repairs and cutting out all non-essential luxuries to afford the once-in-a-lifetime religious journey they hoped to take before old age stole their chance. But when open conflict broke out between Israel, the United States and Iran, what should have been a period of quiet anticipation curdled into worry and doubt.

“My children asked us to reconsider, but we have waited our lives for this,” Ali told Middle East Eye shortly before his departure. “There was massive uncertainty after mass flight cancellations, but we never changed our plans. It still looks like we’re going.”

Ali’s anxiety is shared by Muslim pilgrims gathering in homes and mosques across the globe ahead of this year’s annual pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five central pillars of Islam. Yet that shared uncertainty has not stopped hundreds of thousands of worshippers from moving forward with their long-planned journeys, even as the regional conflict upends travel logistics and drives up costs.

The ongoing conflict has already disrupted regional air travel, pushed up living costs worldwide, and forced commercial carriers to implement costly detours and new surcharges to navigate restricted airspace. Even with these disruptions, Saudi authorities announced Saturday that more than 1.5 million international pilgrims have already arrived in the kingdom for this year’s Hajj – a number that already surpasses the total international arrivals recorded in 2024.

The shadow of geopolitical tension has hung heavily over the pilgrimage season. Earlier this week, two senior officials confirmed to Middle East Eye that former U.S. President Donald Trump delayed a planned offensive against Iran after senior Gulf allies and his own national security team warned against launching new military operations during the Hajj. In subsequent statements, Trump noted that a new agreement was “largely negotiated,” and multiple reports over the weekend indicated that Washington and Tehran are close to finalizing a 60-day extension of an existing ceasefire alongside a formal memorandum of understanding.

For Muslims worldwide, Hajj is a sacred religious obligation that every believer is expected to complete at least once in their lifetime if they are physically and financially able. For many working-class and low-income families, saving for the journey takes decades, and waiting lists for official Hajj slots in many parts of the Global South can stretch to 10 years or more. For elderly pilgrims in particular, postponement is unthinkable: many worry they will not live long enough to get another chance.

“There’s uncertainty everywhere now,” said Farzana Begum, a retired teacher from Birmingham who is preparing to depart for Mecca. “But if God has invited you, you cannot refuse because of politics.”

Despite the hopeful signs of a ceasefire, the conflict has created severe logistical hurdles for travel operators and pilgrims alike. Airspace restrictions and fears of sudden escalation have forced Gulf commercial airlines to reroute all flights passing through sensitive areas of the region, with some carriers suspending routes entirely. The longer flight paths and elevated fuel costs have caused Hajj package prices to spike sharply in recent weeks, according to travel operators based in Jordan, Pakistan and Indonesia.

“Every single day the situation changes,” explained one Jordan-based Hajj organizer who requested anonymity due to the sensitivity of the topic. “Flights are being rerouted constantly, prices shift from one day to the next, and pilgrims are calling every hour asking if the journey is still safe. When the war first started, anxiety was through the roof, but that panic has mostly died down now.”

Saudi officials have moved quickly to reassure pilgrims, emphasizing that the kingdom has put extensive contingency plans in place to ensure the safety and smooth operation of the pilgrimage. Even so, some countries with large Muslim populations have passed on the new added costs to worshippers. India, for example, has added an extra 10,000 rupees ($105) to all official Hajj packages, while Indonesia – home to the world’s largest Muslim population – has announced it will absorb the additional costs to avoid burdening pilgrims.

While a ceasefire agreement appears imminent, concerns persist that tensions could reignite at any moment. The Gulf region hosts some of the busiest and most congested air corridors in the world, and any sudden escalation of hostilities would trigger widespread further disruption to global travel networks. Most pilgrims traveling from Europe, South Asia and Africa transit through major regional hubs including Doha, Dubai and Jeddah, leaving their travel plans vulnerable to any sudden shift in security conditions. For many, this persistent uncertainty has added a heavy layer of emotional stress to what is already an intensely spiritual and costly journey.

At London’s Heathrow Airport earlier this week, groups of British pilgrims gathered around luggage trolleys stacked with suitcases and rolled prayer mats, waiting for their flights. Some said they were nervously refreshing news updates every few minutes ahead of departure, while others chose to avoid political coverage entirely to focus on their pilgrimage. One woman traveling with her 78-year-old mother said her entire family had begged the pair to cancel their trip and rebook for next year.

“My brothers said we should wait another year,” she explained. “But my mother said: ‘What if I don’t have another year?’”

This year’s Hajj is also shaped by the broader wave of turmoil roiling the Middle East. Many pilgrims preparing for the journey say they carry deep sorrow over the ongoing wars and humanitarian crises across the region, particularly the conflict in Gaza. For many, the fact that thousands of Palestinian Muslims trapped under siege and war are unable to perform Hajj this year weighs heavily on their hearts.

“We will pray for them when we are there,” Begum said. “You cannot separate Hajj from what is happening to Muslims elsewhere.”

Historically, the Hajj has persisted through wars, pandemics and political upheaval across the centuries. Long before the advent of commercial aviation, pilgrims traveled for months by foot, camel and ship to reach Mecca, even during periods of regional conflict. More recently, the global COVID-19 pandemic forced Saudi Arabia to restrict Hajj to only a tiny handful of domestic worshippers, the first such large-scale cancellation in modern history, leaving millions of believers around the world heartbroken.

The return of large-scale international Hajj after the pandemic initially brought widespread renewed optimism for both travel operators and worshippers. The new tensions sparked by the Iran conflict have introduced a fresh wave of uncertainty to the pilgrimage season. Analysts note that the situation lays bare just how vulnerable global religious travel has become to sudden geopolitical shocks.

“Hajj depends on massive international coordination across dozens of countries,” explained one Gulf-based aviation expert who requested anonymity over fears of professional repercussions. “When airspace becomes militarized or unstable, the consequences spread quickly through the entire travel network. Some pilgrims may even end up stuck in Saudi Arabia longer than planned if disruptions worsen.”

Yet for most pilgrims, fear takes a backseat to faith. At a pre-Hajj informational seminar held at a mosque in west London earlier this week, organizers walked attendees through emergency protocols, insurance requirements and potential travel delays. Time and again, however, the conversation circled back to spiritual purpose rather than political risk. Imams leading the seminar reminded attendees that hardship has always been an inherent part of the Hajj journey.

“The essence of Hajj is sacrifice,” one speaker told the congregation. “People throughout history traveled under far more dangerous conditions than we face today.”

That message has resonated deeply with worshippers preparing to depart. Some pilgrims openly acknowledge they feel afraid, and many say their family members remain deeply worried for their safety. But almost none are willing to abandon plans they have spent decades of sacrifice and saving to bring to fruition.

For Shahid Ali and his wife, canceling their journey now is unthinkable. “We don’t know what will happen in the world,” he said quietly before his departure. “There is war everywhere. But we believe if God wants us to complete Hajj, we will complete it.”

The largest hot meal provider in the besieged Palestinian enclave of Gaza, World Central Kitchen (WCK), has been forced to slash its daily hot meal distribution by 50 percent, a decision driven by skyrocketing food and fuel prices that stem from regional spillover effects of the US-Israeli military campaign against Iran launched in February. The non-profit made the announcement this week, with NPR first reporting the development Thursday, and warned that ballooning operational expenses have eliminated any possibility of sustaining the organization’s previous high levels of humanitarian aid.

Prior to the cut, WCK was producing roughly 1 million hot meals daily for hungry Gaza residents. That number has now dropped to 500,000 meals per day. The scaling back of aid comes at a moment when nearly the entire population of Gaza is already dependent on external humanitarian assistance, after more than two years of Israeli military attacks and a crippling air, land and sea blockade that have completely destroyed the enclave’s local food production systems and collapsed its already fragile economy. This is not the first sign of strain for the organization: earlier this month, WCK publicly noted that growing financial pressure was already pushing it to reduce the scope of its operations.

In an official statement, the organization clarified that it would continue to deliver hundreds of thousands of hot meals each day to vulnerable families across Gaza, and maintain one of the largest food relief operations currently active anywhere in the world. But the group emphasized that its 1 million daily meal peak, reached at the height of emergency response efforts, was never a sustainable output for the organization to maintain long term.

“Our core mission is emergency food relief, not solving long-term food insecurity for an entire besieged population,” the statement read. “The long-term responsibility of feeding Gaza cannot rest on the shoulders of one organization alone. The people of Gaza have lost their homes, their livelihoods, and their entire economy. The world must step up – not just issue empty statements about the plight of the Palestinian people. Governments, global institutions, and international partners need to commit the sustained, reliable funding that this catastrophic crisis demands.”

To date, it remains uncertain whether other aid groups operating in the enclave will be able to cover the gap left by WCK’s cuts. The United Nations has already issued repeated warnings that its own agencies working in Gaza are also grappling with severe funding shortfalls and rising operational costs, even as data shows one in every five people in Gaza currently survives on just a single meal per day.

Since Israel launched its large-scale military campaign in October 2023, Gaza has been pushed into a state of extreme food insecurity and full-blown humanitarian catastrophe. A US-brokered ceasefire announced in October 2025 was meant to halt active hostilities, lift the years-long blockade, and allow unimpeded flows of aid, food, and life-saving medicine into the territory. To date, however, Israel has systematically violated the terms of the ceasefire agreement, largely maintained the blockade, and kept critical supplies of fuel, food, and medicine at severely depleted levels. Active military operations including air strikes and artillery shelling have also continued across the enclave: more than 800 Palestinians have been killed since the ceasefire was announced, bringing the total death toll from Israeli operations since October 2023 to more than 72,700, with over 172,000 more people wounded, many of whom lack access to adequate medical care.

For generations, the weeks leading up to Eid al-Adha in Gaza have been defined by the bustle of livestock markets, where breeders showcase healthy herds for families preparing to fulfill one of Islam’s most sacred religious obligations. This year, that familiar rhythm is gone entirely – reduced to a distant memory by the ongoing destruction of Gaza’s agricultural sector under Israeli military operations and a crippling, long-running blockade.

Mazen al-Jerjawi, once one of Gaza City’s most prominent commercial livestock breeders, now operates a small café, scraping by on sales of frozen meat that trickles into the besieged enclave under strict Israeli entry limits. Where he once sold upwards of 200 head of cattle and sheep ahead of each Eid, his pastures and barns now sit empty. “No live animals are being allowed into Gaza at all,” he explained in an interview with Middle East Eye. “Israel treats the people of Gaza as if they are living here temporarily, and what is allowed is merely to ‘keep things going’ at a minimal level.”

Eid al-Adha, one of Islam’s holiest annual celebrations, centers on the ritual sacrifice of an animal for Muslims who can afford the practice, with the meat distributed equally among family members, neighbors, and low-income community members. Before the outbreak of full-scale war in October 2023, Gaza typically imported 40,000 to 60,000 sheep and calves annually in advance of the holiday to meet consumer demand. 2025 marks the third consecutive year that Gazan Palestinians have been barred from observing this central tradition, as Israeli military actions and the ongoing blockade continue to dismantle the enclave’s basic infrastructure and economy.

Official data from Gaza’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry confirms that more than 90 percent of the enclave’s entire livestock sector has been destroyed or rendered inoperable since the war began, a toll that has rippled across every layer of Gazan society. Along with the annihilation of local herds, Israel’s total ban on live animal imports has snapped already fragile supply chains, pushing what remains of the industry to the brink of total collapse.

The impact on pricing has been catastrophic. Before the war, a single sacrificial sheep cost between $500 and $600. Today, the handful of surviving private animals that reach the market can fetch as much as $7,000 – a sum out of reach for nearly all Gazan families grappling with widespread unemployment and runaway inflation. Jerjawi says he has ceased selling livestock entirely, and often advises Palestinians living abroad who reach out to buy a sacrifice for relatives in Gaza to reconsider. “I tell them it’s better to buy 50 kilograms of frozen meat instead of spending all that money on one sheep,” he said. “The 20,000 shekels [$7,000] for a sheep could even help pay for a couple to get married.”

The destruction of herds has come on multiple fronts: many animals were killed directly in Israeli airstrikes, while repeated forced displacement left breeders with no option but to abandon or hastily offload their animals. “Many of my sheep died after a nearby house was bombed,” Jerjawi recalled. “This was the case for most livestock owners; we lost them because of the strikes.” When evacuation orders forced him to flee his home, he was forced to slaughter or sell his remaining flock for a fraction of their value just to afford basic food for his own family. “We did everything we could to keep the animals alive, even feeding them pasta and whatever we could find,” he said. “In the end, how can someone care for livestock while trying to protect your wife and children?”

Figures from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) underscore the scale of the loss: by November 2024, at least 80 percent of Gaza’s sheep and 70 percent of its goats had been killed during the war. Gaza’s Ministry of Agriculture reports that the total population of sheep and goats in the enclave has plummeted from roughly 60,000 before the war to just 3,000 today, while cattle and calves have almost entirely disappeared. Most of the surviving animals are held by nomadic herders and are not available for commercial sale during the Eid season, according to ministry spokesperson Raafat Assaliya.

The crisis extends far beyond the loss of animals themselves: nearly all of Gaza’s livestock-related infrastructure – from barns and grazing lands to feed warehouses and veterinary clinics – has been damaged or destroyed in repeated airstrikes. Compounding this, the inability to operate water wells has eliminated any realistic path for the sector to recover, even in the short term. “This has prevented thousands of families from carrying out the Eid sacrifice, in an unprecedented situation,” Assaliya said.

For Gazan residents, the loss of the sacrificial tradition has transformed the holiday into a muted, unrecognizable event stripped of its core meaning. Muhammed Aburiyala, a Gaza City schoolteacher who has participated in the annual sacrifice for most of his life, says it has been three years since his community experienced a true Eid celebration. “The ritual itself, and the feeling of sharing it with others, has disappeared. Without sacrifices and the ability to share, there is no Eid,” he said.

The absence of available livestock is just one layer of a far broader food security crisis that has left most of Gaza’s population struggling to access enough food for daily survival. Even frozen meat is out of reach for many: “Many can barely secure daily meals, and some have not eaten frozen meat for more than a year,” Aburiyala said. “What enters Gaza is limited and depends entirely on the status of the crossings, which means prices remain extremely high.”

A 2025 assessment from the UN-backed Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) estimates that roughly 1.6 million people – 77 percent of Gaza’s total population – are currently facing acute food insecurity. The crisis has been exacerbated by erratic and restrictive Israeli policies on humanitarian aid and commercial imports, even during ceasefire periods, with repeated border closures that leave basic goods regularly disappearing from market shelves.

Aburiyala argues that the blockade on livestock is a deliberate effort to dismantle Gaza’s local economy and prevent the enclave from achieving self-sufficiency. “If livestock were allowed into Gaza, it would sustain many professions – veterinarians, livestock breeders, farmers who rely on manure, butchers and restaurant owners,” he said. “This is not what Israel wants. They want to paralyze society and prevent it from becoming self-sufficient.”

Reporting for this article was published by Middle East Eye, an independent outlet covering the Middle East and North Africa region.