标签： Asia

HANOI, Vietnam — In a significant political development concluding Vietnam’s pivotal National Party Congress, To Lam has secured re-election as General Secretary of the ruling Communist Party. The decision, reached Friday, solidifies his position at the helm of the nation’s political leadership without immediate clarification on whether he will concurrently assume the presidency.

This political gathering, serving as the country’s most crucial conclave, unfolded against the backdrop of Vietnam’s paramount national objective: achieving high-income economic status by 2045. In pursuit of this transformative vision, the Congress established an aggressive economic benchmark, targeting average annual GDP growth exceeding 10% for the period spanning 2026 to 2030.

The composition of Vietnam’s supreme decision-making body, the Politburo, also saw renewal with the election of 19 members. Should To Lam ultimately consolidate power by obtaining both the general secretary and presidential roles, he would command unprecedented authority not witnessed in decades, drawing parallels to the centralized leadership model observed with Chinese President Xi Jinping. This potential consolidation marks a critical juncture for Vietnam’s political trajectory and its ambitious socioeconomic aspirations.

Vietnam’s Communist Party has formally elected To Lam as its General Secretary, securing his leadership for a five-year term following his initial appointment in August 2024 after the passing of long-serving leader Nguyen Phu Trong. The 68-year-old leader now faces the formidable task of steering Vietnam toward developed economy status while navigating complex geopolitical tensions and domestic challenges.

Lam’s vision centers on breaking Vietnam free from the ‘middle income’ trap through sweeping administrative and economic reforms. During his April address commemorating the 50th anniversary of Liberation Day (marking the end of the Vietnam War), he invoked the spirit of Vietnam’s 1975 victory and the economic transformation achieved through the Đổi Mới reforms initiated in 1986. These reforms previously propelled Vietnam from one of the world’s poorest nations to its current status as a manufacturing powerhouse.

The new leader’s ambitious agenda requires maintaining Vietnam’s impressive 6.5% average annual economic growth rate, which would potentially triple per capita income within two decades. However, significant obstacles loom: heavy reliance on foreign-owned industry, potential crippling tariffs from ongoing trade tensions with the United States, and the delicate geopolitical balancing act between Washington and Beijing.

Lam brings to the position a extensive background in security apparatus, having spent over four decades in the People’s Public Security Forces. He has been a major architect of the ongoing ‘blazing furnace’ anti-corruption campaign initiated by his predecessor, which has disciplined tens of thousands of officials and resulted in high-profile prosecutions including the case of Truong My Lan, sentenced to death for financial crimes totaling $44 billion. The campaign has improved Vietnam’s standing in Transparency International’s corruption perceptions index, rising from 113th in 2016 to 88th in 2024.

Concurrently, Lam has pursued bureaucratic streamlining, eliminating approximately 100,000 civil service positions, reducing provincial divisions, and consolidating government ministries. While these measures demonstrate reformist ambitions, critics caution that the anti-corruption drive’s zealous implementation may be creating additional bureaucratic complications.

Lam’s tenure has not been without controversy. His security background has translated into continued repression of civil liberties, with Reporters Without Borders documenting over 70 journalists imprisoned since 2016, 38 of whom remain incarcerated. Vietnam consistently ranks among the world’s worst countries for press freedom. A particularly notable incident involved the 2021 imprisonment of a noodle vendor for parodying Salt Bae after Lam himself was filmed eating a $20,000 gold-flecked steak prepared by the celebrity chef.

In foreign policy, Lam must navigate increasingly complex relations with both China and the United States while pursuing technological advancement. He has championed ‘high-quality’ growth through technological development, quadrupling science-and-technology funding and targeting $100 billion annually from the semiconductor sector by 2050.

Analysts characterize Lam’s leadership style as pragmatic rather than ideological, prioritizing economic development and political stability. While maintaining continuity with previous administration priorities, his actions suggest a potentially bolder, more assertive approach to governing as Vietnam seeks to transform itself into a high-income economy within a generation.

DAVOS, Switzerland – Leading international relations experts assembled at the World Economic Forum on Wednesday identified a significant pragmatic shift in U.S.-China relations, with both global powers increasingly prioritizing practical risk management over ideological confrontation.

During a panel titled “US and China: Where Will They Land?” prominent scholars and diplomats highlighted how recent economic tensions have driven both nations toward establishing stronger communication channels and crisis guardrails. This development follows a period of escalated trade tensions that saw the U.S. implement substantial tariffs on Chinese goods, prompting retaliatory measures from Beijing before both parties reached a temporary truce through five rounds of high-level negotiations.

Harvard University’s Graham Allison, who originated the concept of the “Thucydides Trap” describing how rising powers can trigger conflict with established ones, cautioned against interpreting current easing tensions as a permanent resolution. “A landing point, as if we had a permanent place to land, is not likely,” Allison stated, noting that the relationship has evolved into one of “mutual deterrence” where both recognize their capacity to inflict significant harm on each other.

Australian Ambassador to the U.S. Kevin Rudd emphasized that the central challenge lies not in seeking a final endpoint but in constructing practical mechanisms to manage strategic competition while minimizing risks of crisis, conflict, and war. He identified three critical flashpoints that will determine the global order: tariffs, technology, and Taiwan.

University of Southern California law professor Angela Huyue Zhang expressed measured optimism for 2026, citing three stabilizing factors: Washington’s recognition that containment strategies have inadvertently accelerated China’s technological advancement, both nations’ identification of mutual vulnerabilities during last year’s trade war, and neither side having appetite for further instability.

U.S. Senator Christopher Coons noted bipartisan support for “clear-eyed engagement” with China while acknowledging serious security tensions, particularly regarding artificial intelligence. He highlighted the pressing need for improved military communication channels to reduce misunderstanding risks.

Chinese scholar Zhao Hai from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences challenged the prevailing “tech war” narrative, arguing that AI represents a shared challenge requiring bilateral regulation rather than containment. He advocated for formal, multilevel mechanisms to regulate U.S.-China ties, emphasizing that continuous dialogue between leaders remains crucial for maintaining bilateral stability.

HANOI – Vietnam’s political landscape has entered a definitive new chapter following the conclusion of the Communist Party Congress, which reconfirmed To Lam as General Secretary for a second five-year term. The assembly of nearly 1,600 delegates concluded ahead of schedule on Friday, a move interpreted by observers as either indicating strong consensus or effectively subdued opposition to Lam’s increasingly centralized authority.

Professor Edmund Malesky of Duke University characterized the development as “the strongest concentration of power in one individual that I’ve seen since 1991,” highlighting the unprecedented nature of Lam’s political control.

Since assuming leadership 18 months ago following the death of his predecessor Nguyen Phu Trong, Lam has orchestrated a remarkable pivot from his previous role as head of Vietnam’s powerful Ministry of Public Security, where he led extensive anti-corruption campaigns. Upon reaching the apex of power, he unveiled sweeping economic reforms described as the most ambitious in four decades.

The cornerstone of Lam’s vision emerged through Resolution 68, ratified by the Politburo in May last year, which officially designated the private sector as “the most important driving force of the national economy.” This marked a significant ideological shift in officially socialist Vietnam, where state-owned enterprises have traditionally been celebrated as the economy’s foundation.

The resolution established breathtaking targets: double-digit annual growth, doubling private businesses by 2030, and transforming Vietnam into an upper-income, knowledge-based economy by 2045 – the centenary of independence from French colonial rule. Central to this strategy is cultivating “leading cranes” – privately-owned national champions capable of global competition.

Currently, Vietnam’s economic structure presents substantial challenges. Despite three decades of impressive growth and poverty reduction, state-owned enterprises still account for 29% of GDP through 671 entities that enjoy preferential access to licenses, funding, and resources. Meanwhile, most private companies remain small-scale, with only 2% employing over 200 people.

The reform agenda faces complications from recent political developments. Resolution 79, passed earlier this month, seemingly walked back private sector prioritization by declaring state-owned enterprises could also serve as “leading geese” and setting ambitious targets for their regional dominance.

Vietnam’s economic model faces external challenges as well. The country’s export-dependent manufacturing economy, particularly vulnerable to U.S. tariff policies under the Trump administration, relies heavily on foreign investment, technology, and markets. Lam himself acknowledged this vulnerability in January last year, questioning Vietnam’s position at the “lowest end of the value chain.”

The development of national champions illustrates both promise and pitfalls. While technology firm FPT has achieved international contracts with companies like Airbus, conglomerate Vingroup exemplifies the challenges of global expansion. Despite dominating Vietnam’s domestic market through extensive political connections, its Vinfast electric vehicle subsidiary has struggled internationally, reportedly losing approximately $11 billion since 2021 while failing to gain traction in U.S. and European markets.

Nguyen Khac Giang of the ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore warned: “The main challenge remains unchanged: how to create globally competitive firms without spawning politically-connected rent-seekers. To Lam’s approach risks replacing one form of rent-seeking with another.”

As Lam consolidates power, his administration must navigate fraught international relations while addressing fundamental structural economic challenges. Vietnam’s renowned “bamboo diplomacy” – maintaining friendships with all and enmity with none – faces severe tests in the emerging Trump II era, particularly given the country’s exceptional reliance on U.S. market access.