Since April 2023, Sudan has been engulfed in a brutal civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The conflict has displaced approximately 14 million people out of Sudan’s 51 million population, with unofficial death toll estimates surpassing 200,000. The RSF, once part of the SAF, has received significant support from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which supplies the paramilitary group through routes in Somalia, Libya, and Chad. The SAF is led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, while the RSF is commanded by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as Hemedti. Hemedti, a former Janjaweed commander, rose to prominence under the regime of Omar al-Bashir, who ruled Sudan from 1989 to 2019. The Janjaweed, notorious for war crimes in Darfur, was transformed into the RSF in 2013. The RSF has since expanded its influence into civilian affairs, including border control and tax collection. The conflict escalated in 2023 when negotiations to integrate or dissolve the RSF failed. The RSF has been accused of widespread atrocities, including mass killings, sexual violence, and genocide, particularly in Darfur. Despite UAE denials, evidence suggests continued and intensified support for the RSF. The fall of el-Fasher in October 2025 marked another grim chapter in the war, with reports of 2,000 civilians killed in the first two days. The international community, including the US and Saudi Arabia, has struggled to mediate a resolution, leaving Sudan’s future uncertain.