Recently unearthed military documents from the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict provide unprecedented evidence of systematic orders issued by Zionist commanders to eliminate Palestinian civilians. The documents, discovered near Jerusalem trash bins and obtained by Haaretz, belonged to Rafi Kotzer—a founding member of the Golani Brigade’s 12th Battalion commando unit—and include logbooks, operational notes, and official summaries from the war period.
Among the most disturbing findings are explicit commands approved by military censors regarding the trial of Shmuel Lahis, the sole Israeli commander ever sentenced for killing Arabs during the 1948 conflict. Testimony from battalion commander Yisrael Carmi detailed the conquest of Beersheba in October 1948, stating: ‘I gave an order to annihilate anyone who appeared in the street, whether they resisted or did not resist… Everyone was killed – women and children and everyone.’
The documents reveal operational directives from Yitzhak Broshi, commander of Golani’s 12th Battalion, including a July 1948 order titled ‘Conduct in captured villages where there is a population.’ This directive instructed company commanders to issue identification certificates to inhabitants with severe consequences: any villager transferring their certificate would result in both individuals being executed, while failure to report for military inspection would lead to execution and home demolition.
Broshi’s orders further mandated immediate execution of any ‘outside Arab’ found in captured villages, with a chilling supplement: ‘every 10th man’ in villages where outsiders were discovered was to be shot. Specifically targeting the Arab a-Zabah Bedouin community in Lower Galilee, the order stated plainly: ‘Every Arab among the Zabahim is to be killed.’ Additional commands called for the elimination of Palestinians hiding in the Mount Turan area following its capture.
These documents provide documented evidence supporting historical accounts of intentional population clearance operations, contradicting Israel’s long-standing position that Palestinian refugees left voluntarily following instructions from Arab officials. The materials corroborate testimonies about the systematic nature of violence that led to the expulsion of over 700,000 Palestinians and the establishment of military rule over those who remained until 1966.