The European Union has systematically channeled millions in civilian research funding to Israeli defense manufacturers despite explicit prohibitions against military and dual-use applications, according to financial records and policy analysis. Public documentation reveals that Israeli military contractors have consistently participated in EU-backed research initiatives, including the Horizon Europe and Horizon 2020 programs, which are ostensibly dedicated to civilian innovation.
Between 2014 and 2025, these programs allocated over $15 million to projects involving Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), a state-owned defense conglomerate manufacturing drones, missile systems, and surveillance technology deployed in Gaza and the West Bank. The EU’s Framework Programmes, which pool research funding from member states, have historically maintained strict restrictions against research that could be repurposed for military applications. However, Israel’s research ecosystem operates without such civilian-military separation, creating structural vulnerabilities in the funding system.
The scale of involvement is substantial: EU databases indicate approximately 2,500 projects with Israeli partners receiving roughly $2.55 billion in total funding. Even seemingly benign research in data analysis, pharmaceuticals, or environmental technology risks being utilized by Israel’s defense sector due to this institutional integration.
In a significant policy shift, the European Commission has recently dismantled long-standing dual-use restrictions that were foundational to previous Framework Programmes. High-level policy reviews in 2024 argued that European research should more directly serve defense objectives, leading to the abandonment of the civilian-only ethos. When the next Framework Programme launches in 2028, an entire pillar will be dedicated to military research, while remaining sectors will no longer exclude projects based on potential dual-use applications.
European Parliament members have raised serious concerns about this trajectory. A parliamentary question revealed that between October 2023 and October 2024 alone, Horizon Europe funded 130 Israeli-involved projects worth approximately $147 million, without adequate screening for military implications. The Commission has declined to disclose how many projects have direct or indirect military applications or whether screening procedures were enhanced during the Gaza conflict.
The policy shift contrasts sharply with the EU’s treatment of Russia, whose research participation was immediately frozen following the invasion of Ukraine. Critics argue the changes effectively accommodate Israel’s integrated military-civilian research model while creating complicity in human rights abuses. As the EU moves toward normalizing dual-use research, academics may lose control over how their work is ultimately deployed in military contexts, with Israel positioned to disproportionately benefit from the blurred distinctions between civilian and military innovation.