India’s Parliament has enacted groundbreaking legislation that fundamentally restructures the nation’s nuclear energy sector, ending decades of state monopoly. The Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) bill received final approval from the upper house on Thursday, following Wednesday’s passage in the lower house. The legislation now awaits presidential assent, considered a formality.
The policy shift represents India’s strategic move to accelerate clean energy expansion and position itself as a global leader in next-generation nuclear technology, including small modular reactors. Junior Minister Jitendra Singh, overseeing atomic energy, emphasized that the modernization aligns with India’s growing geopolitical role and addresses escalating energy demands while maintaining enhanced safety and regulatory frameworks.
Supporters hail the legislation as transformative for India’s energy landscape. Karthik Ganesan of the Council on Energy, Environment and Water noted it ‘signals capable private sector players that the country is open for business in the nuclear energy space.’ The move comes as India pledges over $2 billion toward nuclear research and aims to install 100 gigawatts of nuclear power by 2047—sufficient to power approximately 60 million households annually.
However, opposition parties and activists voice significant concerns regarding diluted liability safeguards and potential health hazards. Lawmaker Ashok Mittal criticized insufficient protections for communities near nuclear facilities, while anti-nuclear activist G. Sundarrajan condemned the legislation as ‘disastrous,’ warning it reduces corporate accountability and limits citizens’ ability to claim damages from radiation exposure.
The development carries global significance as nations reassess nuclear power to meet climate targets and transition from fossil fuels. With over 75% of its electricity still generated from coal, India’s nuclear expansion represents a critical component of its decarbonization strategy despite ongoing debates about implementation safety and public perception challenges.