The British government has unveiled sweeping reforms to the nation’s justice system, significantly scaling back the right to trial by jury in an effort to address a critical backlog of cases that has accumulated since the COVID-19 pandemic. Justice Secretary David Lammy declared the situation “an emergency in our courts” that threatens to undermine public confidence in British justice.
The reforms represent the most substantial changes to jury trials in decades. Under the new measures, cases with expected sentences of three years or less—increased from the current two-year threshold—will be heard by judges alone without juries. Additionally, judges will gain authority to preside over certain complex fraud and financial cases without jury participation. Magistrates, who handle less serious offenses, will see their sentencing powers expanded from 12 to 18 months, enabling them to process more cases independently.
These changes come as the justice system confronts nearly 80,000 pending criminal cases in England and Wales—more than double the pre-pandemic volume—with some trials delayed for several years. The government estimates these reforms will reduce jury trials by approximately 25%, while maintaining jury proceedings for the most serious offenses including murder, manslaughter, rape, serious assault, and robbery.
Lammy invoked the Magna Carta’s principles during his announcement to Parliament, emphasizing that justice delayed effectively constitutes justice denied for victims. However, legal professionals have raised significant concerns about the erosion of fundamental rights. Riel Karmy-Jones, chairwoman of the Criminal Bar Association, criticized the move as “eviscerating protection by eroding the public’s right to trial by jury,” attributing court delays to systemic underfunding rather than jury proceedings.
The reforms apply specifically to England and Wales, as Scotland and Northern Ireland maintain separate judicial systems.