China’s under-forest economy is emerging as a significant driver of sustainable development and rural prosperity. According to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, the country boasts a forest area of 231 million hectares, with economic forests covering approximately 46.67 million hectares. These forests contribute an impressive output value of around 2.2 trillion yuan ($309.43 billion). The under-forest economy, which utilizes over 40 million hectares of land, encompasses diverse industrial models such as under-forest planting, farming, product collection and processing, and forest landscape utilization. This sector employs approximately 34 million people and supports 950,000 business entities, generating an annual output value exceeding 1 trillion yuan. Notably, 14 provincial-level regions have dedicated over 1.33 million hectares to under-forest economic activities, with nine regions reporting an output value surpassing 50 billion yuan. The under-forest economy offers a unique advantage by not competing with agricultural land used for grain and other crops, thus creating new income opportunities for farmers. It also provides a sustainable pathway for achieving green development and wealth creation. The significance of this sector is underscored in the recommendations for the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026-30), adopted at the fourth plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in October. The plan highlights the under-forest economy and forestry industries as key ‘green engines’ that can drive rural vitalization and advance the goal of common prosperity.