标签： Asia

The historical ‘cave-dwelling conversation’ between Mao Zedong and democratic figure Huang Yanpei in 1945 continues to resonate across decades, posing a fundamental question about political sustainability: How can a ruling party escape the historical cycle of rapid ascent followed by abrupt decline? This philosophical inquiry, first contemplated by an American student encountering Yan’an through literature, found contemporary resolution during an immersive journalistic expedition to the revolutionary heartland in autumn 2025.

Amidst the thunderous spectacle of Hukou Waterfall, where the Yellow River’s mighty currents crash against gorge walls, the metaphorical weight of historical transitions becomes palpable. Here, where dynastic rises and falls have physically unfolded, the Communist Party of China’s enduring governance reveals its dual foundation: external democratic supervision complemented by an internal mechanism of disciplined self-correction.

The initial answer emerged in 1945 when Chairman Mao emphasized democratic oversight and the mass line, asserting that only through people’s supervision would government remain diligent. This principle guided China through monumental struggles toward historical national advancements. Yet contemporary governance demands additional safeguards—thus emerged the second answer: self-reform.

President Xi Jinping’s November 2021 declaration that the Party had provided this ‘second answer’ through century-long struggle, particularly post-18th National Congress practices, finds tangible expression in Yan’an’s landscape. From revolutionary-era cave dwellings to modern apple orchards, the analogy becomes clear: just as sweet apples require meticulous pruning and pest control, effective governance necessitates preemptive problem-solving and institutional discipline.

The CPC’s current governance framework demonstrates this through rigorous anti-corruption campaigns, strict implementation of the eight-point decision on conduct improvement, and zero-tolerance policies toward misconduct. As the 20th CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection convenes its fifth plenary session, the Party prepares to intensify these efforts throughout the 15th Five-Year Plan period (2026-30), ensuring disciplinary mechanisms support socioeconomic development.

This dual approach—external supervision and internal reform—addresses Huang Yanpei’s historic concern while offering global relevance. The Yan’an dialogue ultimately transcends Chinese context, challenging political systems worldwide to consider what constitutes lasting, people-centered governance capable of self-correction and disciplined evolution.

The recent abduction of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro by US forces represents the latest manifestation of a long-standing US foreign policy tradition: direct intervention to achieve regime change on foreign soil. This practice, deeply rooted in American geopolitical strategy, has evolved through various methodologies including propaganda campaigns, sponsored military coups, assassinations, and full-scale invasions.

The philosophical foundation for such interventions traces back to the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, which declared the Western Hemisphere as an American sphere of influence. This doctrine established the precedent that perceived threats to US economic interests or security could justify overseas intervention. Throughout the 19th century, this principle manifested through territorial expansion, including the annexation of Texas from Mexico and the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.

As the United States emerged as a global superpower following World War II, its capacity to shape foreign governments expanded dramatically. The Cold War era witnessed numerous covert and overt operations targeting governments perceived as hostile to American interests. The 1953 CIA-orchestrated coup in Iran that overthrew democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh established a template for future interventions, combining disinformation campaigns with military support for opposition forces.

Similar patterns emerged in Guatemala (1954), where the CIA executed Operation PBSuccess to remove President Jacobo Arbenz after his land reforms threatened American corporate interests, particularly the United Fruit Company. The Congo crisis (1960-1961) saw President Eisenhower authorize the assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba to prevent Soviet influence in resource-rich Africa.

Not all regime change attempts proved successful. Multiple efforts to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba failed despite assassination attempts and the Bay of Pigs invasion. Furthermore, successful coups often created longer-term challenges, as demonstrated by the protracted conflicts following regime changes in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan.

The methods and justifications have evolved over decades. In Chile (1973), the CIA spent millions undermining Salvador Allende’s government before supporting Augusto Pinochet’s brutal military coup. In Grenada (1983) and Panama (1989), military invasions served to install pro-US governments. The post-9/11 era brought regime changes in Afghanistan and Iraq based on security concerns that later faced serious questioning.

Recent events in Venezuela continue this pattern, with the Trump administration employing increasingly direct methods including the unprecedented abduction of a sitting head of state. Historical evidence suggests that while regime change operations may achieve short-term objectives, they frequently produce unintended consequences and long-term instability in the affected regions.

In a dramatic diplomatic escalation, the Somali Federal Government has unilaterally terminated all bilateral agreements with the United Arab Emirates, effectively expelling the Gulf nation from its military installations and critical infrastructure projects. The decisive move comes amid heightened regional tensions in the Red Sea corridor and follows mounting evidence of Emirati activities perceived as threatening Somalia’s national sovereignty.

The Council of Ministers’ resolution, enacted on Monday, comprehensively nullifies all security, defense, and cooperation pacts between the two nations. This sweeping cancellation specifically affects UAE operations at the strategic ports of Berbera, Bosaso, and Kismayo—key hubs in regional maritime infrastructure.

Official documentation indicates the decision stems from substantiated reports revealing systematic efforts to undermine Somali territorial integrity and political independence. The development follows Middle East Eye’s exclusive reporting that UAE forces were discreetly withdrawing military personnel and equipment from bases across Somalia, with assets reportedly being relocated to neighboring Ethiopia.

This rupture coincides with increasingly contentious regional alignments. The UAE and its strategic partner Israel have recently intensified engagement with Somaliland, the breakaway northern region seeking international recognition. Israel’s unprecedented formal recognition of Somaliland’s sovereignty on December 26th—including high-level diplomatic visits and discussions regarding potential military facilities at Berbera—has significantly exacerbated tensions.

Berbera Port has emerged as a focal point in these geopolitical maneuvers. Satellite imagery analysis reveals the transformation of a previously stalled Emirati naval base into a nearly completed military installation featuring advanced infrastructure: a deep-water dock, extended airstrip with aircraft hangars, and support facilities. The 4km runway, among Africa’s longest, possesses capability to accommodate heavy transport aircraft and fighter jets.

The port’s ownership structure illustrates complex international involvement: DP World (UAE’s maritime logistics giant) holds primary control alongside the Somaliland government, with minority investment through Britain’s foreign investment arm, BII.

Domestic response has been overwhelmingly supportive, with prominent journalists and former President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo endorsing the government’s decisive action. Social media platforms have flooded with nationalist sentiment applauding the sovereignty assertion.

The UAE has yet to issue an official response regarding the expulsion and termination of bilateral agreements that fundamentally alter regional power dynamics.

The UK government’s appointment of Lord Ken Macdonald KC to review protest legislation has ignited significant controversy following revelations of his strong pro-Israel advocacy. Macdonald, a crossbench peer and former Director of Public Prosecutions, has publicly endorsed continuing arms sales to Israel during its military operations in Gaza, stating he “strongly believes in the indispensability of the state of Israel.”

Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood initiated the independent review of public order and hate crime laws in November, following pro-Gaza demonstrations that occurred days after an antisemitic attack in Manchester. The review will assess whether recent legislative amendments effectively balance community protection with protest rights.

However, Macdonald’s previous positions have raised concerns about impartiality. In October 2023, he co-authored a letter to The Times arguing Israel’s siege of Gaza constituted self-defense. Subsequently, in April 2024, he signed a UK Lawyers for Israel (UKLFI) letter advocating against arms sales suspension to Israel, claiming there was no evidence of systematic international law violations.

Forty civil society organizations, including Amnesty International UK and Liberty, have condemned the government’s proposed protest restrictions as a “draconian crackdown” on freedom of expression and assembly. They warn new police powers allowing protest bans based on “cumulative impact” could disproportionately affect various demonstrations, from anti-racist marches to Pride events.

Human Rights Watch recently accused the UK government of severely restricting protest rights, while the UN Human Rights Chief criticized the terrorism designation of direct action group Palestine Action as hindering fundamental freedoms. Since the July 2025 ban, over 2,000 people, predominantly pensioners, have been arrested for holding signs opposing genocide.

Interestingly, Macdonald has himself criticized the terrorism legislation application, noting it targets an organization supported by “tens of millions” of people. His review is expected to conclude in February amid ongoing debates about protest rights, free speech, and the intersection of international conflicts with domestic policy.

The United Kingdom has reached a substantial financial settlement with Abu Zubaydah, a Guantanamo Bay detainee held without charge for over two decades, resolving allegations of British complicity in his torture and extraordinary rendition. The agreement concludes years of litigation that exposed the UK’s involvement in the CIA’s post-9/11 interrogation program.

While the exact settlement figure remains confidential, legal representatives for Zubaydah characterized the payment as a de facto acknowledgment of Britain’s role in facilitating his abuse at secret CIA “black site” prisons between 2002 and 2006. The Palestinian national, captured in 2002, endured extreme interrogation techniques including 83 waterboarding sessions in one month, prolonged sleep deprivation, and confinement in coffin-sized boxes.

A pivotal 2018 parliamentary report revealed that British intelligence agencies had submitted questions to the CIA knowing Zubaydah was being tortured, failing either to seek assurances about his treatment or to prevent further abuse. This constituted a violation of both domestic and international law according to legal experts.

The settlement emerged just before a scheduled UK Supreme Court ruling in 2023, avoiding a potentially damaging public judgment. Helen Duffy, Zubaydah’s international counsel, noted that while the payment provides symbolic recognition, it falls short of full justice, emphasizing that Zubaydah remains detained at Guantanamo as one of three designated “forever prisoners” held indefinitely without trial.

The case coincides with the 24th anniversary of Guantanamo’s opening and follows similar rulings by the European Court of Human Rights against Lithuania and Poland for hosting CIA black sites. A 2023 UN report found seven nations, including the US and UK, responsible for Zubaydah’s torture and unlawful imprisonment, describing Britain as having “aided and assisted” American violations.

Legal analysts observe that the settlement highlights both the persistence of torture victims seeking accountability and the continued failure of governments to fully reckon with post-9/11 human rights abuses, particularly as no senior officials have faced consequences due to claims of state secrecy.

Turkish officials are monitoring the protest movement in Iran with significant concern, emphasizing the critical importance of regional stability while acknowledging the legitimate grievances of Iranian citizens. Despite historical rivalries between Ankara and Tehran across multiple Middle Eastern theaters including Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon, Turkey maintains that preserving Iran’s territorial integrity remains a paramount priority.

Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan provided a comprehensive assessment during recent televised remarks, characterizing the current demonstrations as smaller in scale than the 2022 protest movement—though this evaluation is contested by some Iranian analysts who consider them the most significant since 1999. Fidan asserted that Iran is experiencing the consequences of its ambitious foreign policy decisions over the past three decades, which have resulted in severe Western economic sanctions that disproportionately affect the country’s young, vibrant population.

The Foreign Minister notably addressed external influences, stating that Iran’s rivals are actively manipulating the protests from abroad. “Mossad doesn’t hide it; they are calling on the Iranian people to revolt against the regime through their own internet and Twitter accounts,” Fidan revealed, while simultaneously expressing doubt that these demonstrations would achieve Israel’s desired outcome of governmental collapse.

Analysts from the SETA think tank and the Center for Iranian Studies in Ankara provide additional context for Turkey’s cautious approach. Mustafa Caner emphasized that despite underlying tensions, Turkey prioritizes Iran’s stability, while Serhan Afacan noted that recent demonstrations have included provocative acts such as mosque attacks that complicate Ankara’s position.

Turkey’s concerns extend beyond ideological considerations to practical security implications. The country fears potential refugee flows similar to those experienced during the Syrian civil war, which resulted in Turkey hosting 4-5 million refugees. Additionally, Turkey worries about increased activity by Kurdish militant groups, particularly the PJAK (Kurdistan Free Life Party), which operates along the Iranian border and could exploit any instability.

Fidan proposed diplomatic solutions, suggesting that Iran pursue a reset with Western powers and engage in genuine regional cooperation. He indicated that Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan could facilitate this recalibration of Iran’s regional relationships, emphasizing that a negotiated agreement involving key international actors would create a “win-win situation” essential for regional stability.