China is embarking on a significant expansion of its flagship higher education initiative to enhance the global competitiveness of its university system. The State Council has proposed broadening the scope of the “double first-class” program, a national strategy designed to cultivate elite universities and academic disciplines, according to a report submitted to the National People’s Congress Standing Committee.
Initially launched in 2015, the ambitious program targets developing world-class universities and first-class disciplines by mid-century. The current phase (2022-2027) includes 147 designated institutions that have become crucial to China’s academic ecosystem, training over 50% of the nation’s master’s students and nearly 80% of doctoral candidates.
These universities have demonstrated remarkable achievements, producing groundbreaking research across multiple fields and emerging as primary drivers of scientific innovation. The central government has demonstrated substantial commitment to the initiative, allocating 181 billion yuan ($25.7 billion) from 2021-2025, which has leveraged an additional 110 billion yuan in local funding.
Concurrently, regional authorities have supported over 400 local high-level universities and more than 1,300 specialized academic disciplines, creating a multi-tiered approach to educational excellence.
The forward-looking strategy emphasizes not only expansion but also quality enhancement. Plans include increasing enrollment in high-quality undergraduate programs, scaling up postgraduate training, and raising the proportion of doctoral students. A key component involves establishing a demographic-responsive funding mechanism that adapts to changing population trends.
China’s investment in higher education has been substantial, with 3.78 trillion yuan allocated from 2021-2024. This support has enabled the development of the world’s largest higher education system, achieving a gross enrollment ratio of 60.8% in 2024—a 6.4 percentage point increase from 2020. The educated population with university-level credentials now exceeds 240 million.
The reforms will further encourage institutions to develop distinctive strengths, fostering a diversified talent ecosystem that meets China’s evolving economic and social needs.