China witnessed unprecedented climate patterns throughout 2025, characterized by record-breaking warmth and increased precipitation levels nationwide. According to the recently released China Climate Bulletin (2025), the country’s annual average temperature reached 10.9°C, matching the previous record set in 2024 and standing 1°C above the 1991-2020 baseline. This places both years as the warmest since comprehensive meteorological records began in 1951.
The warming trend manifested most dramatically through prolonged heatwaves that affected extensive regions of central and eastern China from late June through early September. The number of high-temperature days across the nation surged to unprecedented levels, establishing new historical records.
Precipitation patterns showed significant deviation from historical norms, with annual rainfall exceeding long-term averages by 4.5%. The summer months brought particularly intense weather activity, as frequent rainstorms triggered severe flooding across northern China. Between late July and early August, North China experienced rainfall of both exceptional duration and volume during its rainy season, while western regions recorded their heaviest autumn precipitation in history.
Tropical cyclone activity intensified markedly, with both typhoon formation and landfall numbers surpassing seasonal averages. An unusual sequence of five consecutive typhoons made landfall or significantly affected southern China between September and October.
While meteorological drought conditions remained generally mild nationwide, regional water shortages emerged in southern China and along the middle and lower Yangtze River reaches, where consecutive winter and spring droughts developed. The year also saw increased wind intensity, with strong wind days reaching their highest frequency since 1991. Sandstorm activity intensified during spring months, though the season’s first sandstorm event occurred later than typical timing.
National Climate Center Deputy Director Gao Rong attributed these complex weather variations to multiple interacting atmospheric and oceanic factors across different timescales. Key influences included the early northward movement and subsequent retreat of the subtropical high-pressure system, a robust East Asian summer monsoon, and intensified rainstorm patterns across northern and northeastern regions.
Despite these extreme weather events, vegetation growth during the 2025 growing season reached its highest level this century, particularly in western Northeast China and central-eastern Inner Mongolia.
Looking ahead, meteorological authorities have issued specialized forecasts for the upcoming Spring Festival travel period. National Meteorological Center Deputy Director Huang Zhuo indicated that a potent cold air mass will affect central and eastern China from February 5-7, bringing widespread strong winds and temperature declines of 4-8°C, with some regions experiencing drops exceeding 10°C. Additional precipitation events are expected between February 10-13, potentially affecting transportation networks during peak travel periods. A subsequent cold air process is forecast for the early Spring Festival holiday period from February 15-23. The China Meteorological Administration will provide daily weather briefings throughout the travel season to assist public planning and safety.